The development of animal model systems for HIV-1 encephalitis and its associated dementia

References

• Achim C L., Miners D K., Burrola P G., Martin F C., Wiley C A. In vivo, model of HIV infection of human brain. Dev Neurosci 1993; 15: 423–432
   Google Scholar
• Baskin G B., Murphey-Corb M, Roberts E D., Martin L N. Correlates of SIV encephalitis in rhesus monkeys. J Med Primatol 1992; 21: 59–63
   Google Scholar
• Baszler T V., Zachary J F. Murine retroviral neurovirulence correlates with an enhanced ability of virus to infect selectively, replicate in, and activate resident microglial cells. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 655–671
   Google Scholar
• Beebe A M., Dua N, Faith T G., Moore P F., Pedersen N C., Dandekar S. Primary stage of feline immunodeficiency virus infection: viral dissemination and cellular targets. J Virol 1994; 68: 3080–3091
   Google Scholar
• Benos D J., Hahn B H., Bubien J K., Ghosh S K., Mashburn N A., Chaikin M A., Shaw G M., Benveniste E N. Envelope glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 alters ion transport in astrocytes: implications for AIDS dementia complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 494–498
   Google Scholar
• Blumberg B M., Gelbard H A., Epstein L G. HIV-1 infection of the developing nervous system: central role of astrocytes in pathogenesis. Virol Res 1994; 32: 253–267
   Google Scholar
• Bukrinsky M, Nottet H SLM, Schmidtmayerova H, Dubrovsky L, Flanagan C R., Mullins M E., Lipton S A., Gendelman H E. Regulation of nitric oxide synthase activity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected monocytes: implications for HIV-associated neurological disease. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 735–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlos T, Kovach N, Schwartz B, Rosa M, Newman B, Wayner E, Benjamin C, Osborn L, Lobb R, Harlan J. Human monocytes bind to two cytokineinduced adhesive ligands on cultured human endothelial cells: endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Blood 1991; 77: 2266–2271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti L, Hurtrel M, Maire M A., Vazeux R, Dormont D, Mantagneir L, Hurtrel B. Early viral replication in the brain of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. Am J Pathol 1991; 139: 1273–1280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chuluyan H E., Issekutz A C. VLA-4 integrin can mediate CD11/CD18-independent transendothelial migration of human monocytes. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2768–2777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark G D., Happel L T., Zorumski C F., Bazan N G. Enhancement of hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission by platelet-activating factor. Neuron 1992; 9: 1211–1216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corboy J R., Buzy J M., Zink M C., Clements J E. Expression directed from HIV long terminal repeats in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. Science 1992; 258: 1804–1808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford T B., Adams D S., Cheevers W P., Cork L C. Chronic arthritis in goats caused by a retrovirus. Science 1980; 207: 997–999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cvetkovich T A., Lazar E, Blumberg B M., Saito Y, Eskin T A., Reichman R, Baram D A., del Sero C, Gendelman H E., del Cerro M, Epstein L G. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of neural xenografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5162–5166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Czub S, Lynch W P., Czub M, Portis J L. Kinetic analysis of the spongioform neurodegenerative disease induced by highly virulent murine retrovirus. Lab Invest 1994; 70: 711–723
   Google Scholar
• Desrosiers R C. The simian immunodeficiency virus. Ann Rev Immunol 1990; 8: 557–576
   Google Scholar
• Desrosiers R C., Hansen-Moosa A, Mori K, Bouvier D P., King N W., Daniel M D., Ringler D J. Macrophagetropic variants of SIV are associated with specific AIDS-related lesions but are not essential for the development of AIDS. Am J Pathol 1991; 139: 29–35
   Google Scholar
• Dickson D W., Mattiace L A., Kure K, Hutchins K, Lyman W D., Brosnan C F. Biology of disease: microglia in human disease, with an emphasis on acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Lab Invest 1991; 64: 135–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow S W., Poss M L., Hoover E A. Feline immunodeficiency virus: a neurotropic lentivirus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990; 3: 658–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein L G., Cvetkovich T A., Lazer E S., Dehlinger K, Dzenko K, del Cerro C, del Cerro M. Successful xenografts of second trimester human fetal brain and retinal tissue in the anterior chamber of yey of adult immunosuppressed rats. J Neural Transplant Plast 1992; 3: 151–158
   Google Scholar
• Epstein L G., Cvetkovich T A., Lazer E S., DiLoretto D, Saito Y, James H, del Cerro C, Kaneshima H, McCune J M., Britt W J., del Cerro M. Human neural xenografts: progress in developing an in vivo, model to study human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Advances in Neuroimmunology 4., L. R. Eiden Black, P Sager. Elsevier Science, Kidlington UK 1994; 257–260
   Google Scholar
• Everall I, Luthbert P, Lantos P. Neuronal loss in the frontal cortex in HIV infection. Lancet 1991; 337: 1119–1121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelbard H A., Nottet H SLM, Swindells S, Jett M, Dzenko K A., Genis P, White R, Wang L, Choi Y B., Zhang D, Lipton S A., Tourtellotte W W., Epstein L G., Gendelman H E. Platelet-activating factor: a candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced neurotoxin. J Virol 1994; 68: 4628–4635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendelman H E., Narayan O, Kennedy-Stoskopf S, Clements J E., Pezeshkpour G H. Slow virus macrophage interactions: characterization of a transformed cell line of sheep alveolar macrophages that express a marker to susceptibility to ovine-caprine lentivirus infections. Lab Invest 1984; 51: 547–555
   Google Scholar
• Gendelman H E., Narayan O, Kennedy-Stoskopf S, Kennedy P, Ghotbi Z, Clements J E., Pezeshkpour G H. Tropism of sheep lentiviruses for monocytes: susceptibility to infection and virus gene expression increase during maturation of monocytes to macrophages. J Virol 1985; 58: 67–74
   Google Scholar
• Gendelman H E., Leonard J M., Dutko F J., Koenig S, Khillan J S., Meltzer M S. Immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: S78–S81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gendelman H E., Lipton S A., Tardieu M, Bukrinsky M I., Nottet H SLM. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Leuk Biol 1994a; 56: 389–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendelman H E., Genis P, Jett M, Zhai Q H., Nottet H SLM. An experimental model system for HIV-1-induced brain injury. Advances in Neuroimmunology, L Eiden, R Black, P Sager. Elsevier Science, Kidlington UK 1994b; 4: 189 189
   Google Scholar
• Genis P, Jett M, Bernton E W., Boyle T, Gelbard H A., Dzenko K, Keane R W., Resnick L, Mizrachi Y, Volsky D J., Epstein L G., Gendelman H E. Cytokines and arachidonic metabolites produced during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophageastroglia interactions: implications for the neuropathogenesis of HIV disease. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 1703–1718
   Google Scholar
• Gravel C, Kay D G., Jolicoeur P. Identification of the infected target cell types in spongioform myeloencephalopathy induced by neurotropic Cas-Br-E murine leukemia virus. J Virol 1993; 67: 6648–6658
   Google Scholar
• Griffin D E., Wesselingh S L., McArthur J C. Elevated central nervous system prostaglandins in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Ann Neurol 1994; 35: 592–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkert B C., Kuipers T W., Leeuwenberg J FM, van Mourik J A., Roos D. Neutrophil and monocyte adherence to and migration across monolayers of cytokineactivated endothelial cells: the contribution of CD18, ELAM-1, and VLA-4. Blood 1991; 78: 2721–2726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtrel M, Ganiere J P., Guelfi J F., Chakrabarti L, Maire M A., Gray F, Montagnier L, Hurtrel B. Comparison of early and late feline immunodeficiency virus encephalopathies. AIDS 1992; 6: 399–406
   Google Scholar
• Jabbari B, Coats M, Salazar A, Martin A, Scherokman B, Laws W. Longitudinal study of EEG and evoked potentials in neurologically asymptomatic HIV infected subjects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 86: 145–151
   Google Scholar
• Janssen R S., Cornblath D R., Epstein L G., Foa R P., McArthur J C., Price R W., Asbury A KK, Beckett A, Benson D F., Bridge T P., Leventhal C M., Satz P, Saykin A J., Sidtis J J., Tross S. Nomenclature and research case definitions for neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Neurology 1991; 41: 778–785
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson R T. Questions and prospects related to HIV-1 and the brain. HIV AIDS and the Brain, R W. Price, S W. Perry. Raven Press, New York 1994; 311–323
   Google Scholar
• Kato K, Clark G D., Bazan N G., Zorumski C F. Platelet-activating factor as a potential retrograde messenger in CA1 hippocampal long-term potentiation. Nature 1994; 367: 175–179
   Google Scholar
• Kay D G., Gravel C, Robitaille Y, Jolicoeur P. Retrovirus-induced spongiform myeloencephalopathy in mice: regional distribution of infected target cells and neuronal loss occurring in the absence of viral expression in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 1281–1285
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy P GE, Narayan O, Ghotbi Z, Hopkins J, Gendelman H E., Clements J E. Persistent expression of Ia antigen and viral genome in visna-Maedi virus-induced inflammatory cells. Possible role of lentivirus induced interferon. J Exp Med 1985; 162: 1970–1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketzler S, Weis S, Haug H, Budka H. Loss of neurons in frontal cortex in AIDS brains. Acta Neuropathol 1990; 80: 92–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana G, Bennett M R. Nitric oxide and arachidonic acid modulation of calcium currents in postganglionic neurones of avian cultured ciliary ganglia. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 109: 480–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieburtz K, Schiffer R B. Neurologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infections. Neurol Clin 1989; 7: 447–468
   Google Scholar
• Koenig S, Gendelman H E., Orenstein J M., Dal Canto M C., Pezeshkpour G H., Yungbluth M, Janotta F, Aksamit A, Martin M A., Fauci A S. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 1986; 233: 1089–1093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornecki E, Ehrlich Y H. Neuroregulatory and neuropathological actions of ether-phospholipid platelet-activating factor. Science 1988; 240: 1792–1794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kure K, Lyman W D., Weidenheim K M., Dickson D W. Cellular localization of an HIV-1 antigen in subacute AIDS encephalitis using an improved doublelabeling immunohistochemical method. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 1085–1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackner A A., Smith M O., Munn R J., Martfeld D J., Gardner M B., Marx P A., Dandekar S. Localization of simian immunodeficiency virus in the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys. Am J Pathol 1991; 139: 609–621
   Google Scholar
• Lackner A A., Vogel P., Ramos R A., Kluge J D., Marthas M. Early events in tissues during infection with pathogenic (SIVmac239) and non-pathogenic (SIVmac1A11) molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus. Am J Pathol 1994; 145: 428–439
   Google Scholar
• Leonard J, Khillan J S., Gendelman H E., Adachi A, Lorenzo S, Westphal H, Martin M A., Meltzer M S. The human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat is preferentially expressed in Langerhans cells in trasgenic mice. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1989; 5: 421–430
   Google Scholar
• Letvin N L., Daniel M D., Sehgal P K., Desrosiers R C., Hunt R D., Waldron L M., McKey J J., Schmidt D K., Chalifoux L V., King N W. Induction of AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys with T-cell tropic retrovirus STLV-III. Science 1985; 230: 71–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton S A., Choi Y B., Pan Z H., Lei S Z., Chen H SV, Sucher N J., Loscalzo J, Singel D J., Stamler J S. A redoxbased mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nature 1993; 364: 626–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton S A., Gendelman H E. Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 934–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch W P., Czub S, McAtee F J., Hayes S F., Portis J L. Murine retrovirus-induced spongioform encephalopathy: productive infection of microglia and cerebellar neurons in accelerated CNS disease. Neuron 1991; 7: 365–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch W P., Robertson S J., Portis J L. Induction of focal spongioform neurodegeneration in developmentally resistant mice by implantation of murine retrovirus media. J Virol 1995; 69: 1408–1419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaels J, Price R W., Rosenblum M K. Microglia in the giant cell encephalitis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: proliferation, infection, and fusion. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1988; 76: 373–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller B, Sarantis M, Traynelis S F., Attwell D. Potentiation of NMDA receptor currents by arachidonic acid. Nature 1992; 355: 722–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray E A., Rausch D M., Lendvay J, Sharer L R., Eiden L E. Cognitive and motor impairments associated with SIV infection in rhesus monkeys. Science 1992; 255: 1246–1249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagra R M., Burrola P G., Wiley C A. Development of spongiform encephalopathy in retroviral infected mice. Lab Invest 1992; 66: 292–302
   Google Scholar
• Nagra R M., Wong P KY, Wiley C A. Expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens and serum neutralizing antibody in murine retroviral encephalitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1993; 52: 163–173
   Google Scholar
• Nagra R M., Masliah E, Burrola P G., Wiley C A. Neocortical pathology in chronic murine retroviral encephalitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994; 53: 572–581
   Google Scholar
• Narayan O, Cork L C. Lentiviral diseases of sheep and goats: chronic pneumonia leukoencephalomyelitis and arthritis. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7: 89–98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Narayan O, Kennedy-Stoskopf S, Zink C M. Lentivirus-host interactions: lessons from visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis viruses. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: S95–100
   Google Scholar
• Navia B A., Jordan B D., Price R W. The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Ann Neurol 1986; 19: 517–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenberg M D. Astrocyte responses to CNS injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994; 53: 213–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman S E., Chediak A D., Freeman C, Kiel M, Mendez A, Duncan R, Simoneau J, Nolan B. Sleep disturbances in men with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection. Sleep 1992; 15: 150–155
   Google Scholar
• Nottet H SLM, Jett M, Flanagan C R., Zhai Q H., Persidsky Y, Rizzino A, Bernton E W., Genis P, Baldwin T, Schwartz J, LaBenz C J., Gendelman H E. A regulatory role for astrocytes in HIV-1 encephalitis: an overexpression of eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-α by activated HIV-1-infected monocytes is attenuated by primary human astrocytes. J Immunol 1995a; 154: 3567–3581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nottet H SLM, Persidsky Y, Sasseville V G., Zhai Q H., Sharer L R., McComb R D., Swindells S, Soderland C, Gendelman H E. Mechanisms for the transendothelial migration of HIV-1-infected monocytes into brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995b, (submitted)
   Google Scholar
• Phillips T R., Prospero-Garcia O, Puaoi D L., Lerner D L., Fox H S., Olmsted R A., Bloom F E., Henriksen S J., Elder J H. Neurological abnormalities associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virology 1994; 75: 979–987
   Google Scholar
• Podell M, Oglesbee M, Mathes L, Krakowka S, Olmsted R, Lafrado L. AIDS-associated encephalopathy with experimental feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6: 758–771
   Google Scholar
• Price R W., Sidtis J, Rosenblum M. The AIDS dementia complex: some current questions. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: S27–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyper J M., Clements J E., Molineaux S M., Narayan O. Genetic variation among ovine-caprine lentiviruses: homology between visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus is confined to the 5′ gag-pol region and a small portion of the env gene. J Virol 1984; 51: 713–721
   Google Scholar
• Pyper J M., Clements J E., Gonda M A., Narayan O. Sequence homology between cloned caprine arthritisencephalitis virus and visna virus, two neurotropic lentiviruses. J Virol 1986; 58: 665–670
   Google Scholar
• Rausch D M., Heyes M P., Murray E A., Lendvay J, Sharer L R., Ward J M., Rehm S, Nohr D, Weihe E, Eiden L E. Cytopathologic and neurochemical correlates of progression to motor/cognitive impairment in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994; 53: 165–175
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ringler D J., Hunt R D., Desrosiers R C., Daniel M D., Chalifoux M L., King M N. Simian immunodeficiency virusinduced meningoencephalitis: Natural history and retrospective study. Ann Neurol, (Suppl) 1988; 23: s108–112
   Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Sharer L R., Epstein L G., Michaels J, Mintz M, Louder M, Golding K, Cvetkovich T A., Blumberg M. Overexpression of nef as a marker for restricted HIV-1 infection of astrocytes in postmortem pediatric central nervous tissues. Neurology 1994; 44: 474–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasseville V G., Newman W A., Lackner A A., Smith M O., Lausen N CG, Beall D, Ringler D J. Elevated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in AIDS encephalitis induced by simian immunodeficiency virus. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 1021–1030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasseville V G., Newman W, Brodie S J., Hesterberg P, Pauley D, Ringler D J. Monocyte adhesion to endothelium in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis is mediated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1/α4β1 integrin interactions. Am J Pathol 1994; 144: 27–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seilhean D, Duyckaerts C, Vazeux R, Bolgert F, Brunet P, Katlama C, Gentilini M, Hauw J J. HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex: absence of neuronal loss in the cerebral neocortex. Neurology 1993; 43: 1492–1499
   Google Scholar
• Selmaj K W., Raine C S. Tumor necrosis factor mediates myelin and oligodendrocyte damage in vitro. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 339–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharer L R. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of SIV infection of the central nervous system. HIV, AIDS and the Brain, R W. Price, S W. Perry. Raven Press, New York 1994; 133–145
   Google Scholar
• Sigurdsson B, Palsson P A. A slow, demyelinating infection. Br J Exp Pathol 1958; 39: 519–528
   Google Scholar
• Soliven B, Albert J. Tumor necrosis factor modulates Ca2+ currents in cultured sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci 1992; 12: 2665–2671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steffan A M., Lafon M E., Gendrault J L., Koehren F, De Monte M, Royer C, Kirn A, Gut J P. Feline immunodeficiency virus can productively infect cultured endothelial cells from cat brain microvessels. J Gen Virol 1994; 75: 3647–3653
   Google Scholar
• Sundquist B, Jonsson L, Jaconsson S Q., Hammarberg K E. Visna virus meningoencephalitis in goats. Acta Vet Scan 1981; 22: 315–330
   Google Scholar
• Talley A K., Dewhurst S, Perry S, Dollard S C., Gummuluru S, Fine S M., New D, Epstein L G., Gendelman H E., Gelbard H A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in human neuronal cells: protection by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine and the genes bcl-2 and crm, A. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15: 2359–2366
   Google Scholar
• Thomas F P., Chalk M E., Lalonde R, Robitaille Y, Jclicoeur P. Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the nervous system of transgenic mice leads to neurological disease. J Virol 1994; 68: 7099–7107
   Google Scholar
• Toggas S M., Masliah E, Rockenstein E M., Rall G F., Abraham C R., Mucke L. Central nervous system damage produced by expression of the HIV-1 coat protein gp 120 in transgenic mice. Nature 1994; 367: 188–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyor W R., Glass J D., Griffin J W., Becker P S., McArthur J C., Bezman L, Griffin D E. Cytokine expression in the brain during the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 1992; 31: 349–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyor W R., Power C, Gendelman H G., Markham R B. A model of human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis in scid, mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8658–8662
   Google Scholar
• Wesselingh S L., Power C, Glass J D., Tyor W R., McArthur J C., Farber J M., Griffin J W., Griffin D E. Intracerebral cytokine messenger RNA expression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 576–582
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiley C A., Schrier R D., Nelson J A., Lampert P W., Oldstone M BA. Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 7089–7093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley C A., Masliah E, Morey M, Lemere C, DeTheresa R, Grafe M, Hansen M, Terry R. Neocortical damage during HIV-1 infection. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 651–657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley C A., Achim C. Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis is the pathological correlate of dementia in acquired immunedeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 1994; 36: 673–676
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto J K., Sparger E, Ho E W., Andersen P R., O'Connor T P., Mandell C P., Lowenstine L, Munn R, Pedersen N C. Pathogenesis of experimentally induced feline immunodificiency virus infection in cats. Am J Vet Res 1988; 49: 1246–1258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zink M C., Yager J A., Myers J D. Pathogenesis of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. Cellular localization of viral transcripts in tissues of infected goats. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 843–854
   Google Scholar