Fifteen years of follow-up on HTLV-I positive and HTLV-I negative spastic paraparesis patients in southwestern Colombia, South America

References

• Alcindor F, Valderrama R, Canavagio M, Lee H, Katz A, Montesinos C, Madrid R E, Merino R R, Pipia P A. Imagin of human T lymphotropic virus type I associated chronic progressive myeloneuropathies. Neuroradiology 1992; 35: 69–74
   Google Scholar
• Blank M, Blank A, King S, Yashiki S, Kuwayama M, Fujiyama C, Gongora D, Zaninovic V, Cranston B, Hanchard B, Imanishi T, Manns A, Blattner W A, Tajima K, Hayami M, Fujiyoshi T, Sonoda S. Distribution of HLA and haplotypes of Colombian and Jamaican black populations. Tis Antig 1995; 45: 111–116
   Google Scholar
• Beilke M A, Gravell M, Hamilton R S, Mora C A, Leon-Monzon M, Rodgers-Johnson P E, Gajdusek D C, Gibbs C J, Zaninovic V. In situ hybridation detection of HTLV-I RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of TSP/HAM patients and uieir spouses. J Med Virol 1991; 33: 264–267
   Google Scholar
• Cheesbrough J S, Morse A P, Green D R. Meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Western Zaire: A hipoendemic zone relate to climate?. Epidemiol Infect 1995; 114: 75–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruickshank E K. Effects of malnutrition on the central nervous system and the nerves. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, P J Vinken, G W Bruyn. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976; vol 28: 1–41
   Google Scholar
• Fuiyoshi T, Yashiki S, Fujiyama C, Kuwayama M, Miyashita H, Ohnishi H, Blank M, Zaninovic V, Blank A, Cartier L, Byrnes J J, Harrington W J, Jr, Miura T, Hayami M, Tajima K, Sonoda S. Ethnic segregation of HTLV-I and HTLV-II carriers among Soudi American Native Indians. 1995; 63: 510–515
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Vallejo F, Rengifo B, Essex M. Nucleotide sequence variation in the envelope of patients with tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-cell leukemia virus type I-associated myelopathy. J AIDS Hum Retrov 1995; 10: 283
   Google Scholar
• Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant J C, Gout O, Maurs L, Calendar A, de The G. Antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type 1 in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1985; 2: 407–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gessain A, Gout O. Chronic myelopathy associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type Y (HTLV-I). Ann Int Med 1992; 117: 933–946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington W J, Jr, Sheremata W, Cabral L. Danazol for urinary incontinence in tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1992; 339: 368
   Google Scholar
• Jeannel D, Kazadi K, Singa L, de The G. The risk of tropical spastic paraparesis differs according to ethnic group among HTLV-I carriers in Inongo, Zaire. J AIDSs 1993; 6: 840–844
   Google Scholar
• Kayembe K, Goubau P, Demyter J, Vlietink R, Carlton H. A cluster of HTLV-I associated tropical spastic paraparesis in Equator (Zaire): ethnic and familiar distribution. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1990; 53: 4–10
   Google Scholar
• Kira J, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y, Goto Y, Hasuo K. Leukoencephalopathy in HTLV-I-associated myelo-pathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: MRI analysis and a two year follow-up study after corticosteroid therapy. J Neurol Sci 1991; 106: 41–49
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE. Clinical Neurophysiology of HAM/ TSP. HTLVI and related diseases, V Zaninovic, J Galindo, A Blank. XYZ, Cali 1992; 97–102
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Zaninovic V. Climate, culture and cofactors in HAM/TSP in Colombia. Acta Med Col 1994a; 19: 248
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Zaninovic V. Vitamin C: new roles, new requirements. Nut Rev 1994b; 52: 188
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Ariza-Deleon A, Ariza -C A, Leon -S ME. Mitochondrial DNA and some more on the Japanese-South American connection. South Pacific Study 1994a; 9: 9–15
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Zaninovic V, Osame M, Arimura K, Arimura Y. Tropical spastic paraparesis: subclinical and neurophysiological differences in different parts of the world. Rev Med Chile 1994b; 122: 265–273
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE. Kuru, volcanoes and ‘slow’ virus: it is not the song, it is the singer. ABC Acta Biom Col 1995; 2: 81–84
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Alarcon T. HAM/TSP in Ecuador. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89: 342
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Zaninovic V. Geographical considerations on HAM/TSP in Japan. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1995a; 37: 185–186
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Zaninovic V. Facts, Factors and co-factors in retroviral roads. Medicas-UIS 1995b; 9: 68–72
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Ariza-Deleon A, Ariza -C A. HLA, transpacific contacts and retrovirus. Hum Immunol 1995a; 42: 348–350
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Arimura K, Arimura Y, Sonoda Y, Suwazono S, Osame M. Clinical Neurophysiological comparative study on HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Arch Med Res 1995b; 26: 397–403
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE. Rehabilitation in Tropical Neurology. Tropical Neurology., J S Chopra, I MS Sawhney. Churchill Livingstone, London 1996, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Leon -S FE, Arimura K, Osame M. Multiple sclerosis and HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis are two different clinical entities. Multiple Sclerosis 1996, in press
   Google Scholar
• Mattson D H, McFarlin D E, Mora C, Zaninovic C. Central nervous system lesions detected by magnetic resonance imagin in HTLV-I antibody positive symptomless individual. Lancet 1987; 2: 49
   Google Scholar
• Miura T, Fukunaga T, Igarashi T, Yamashita M, Ido E, Funahashi S, Takafumi I, Washio K, Ueda S, Hashimoto K, Yoshida M, Osame M, Singhal B S, Zaninovic V, Cartier L, Sonoda S, Tajima K, Ina Y, Gojorobi T, Masanori H. Phylogenetic subtypes of human T lymphotropic virus type I and their relations to the anthropological background. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1124–1127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa M, Izumo S, Ijichi S, Kubota H, Arimura K, Kawabata M, Osame M. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: analysis of 213 patients based on clinical features and laboratory findings. J Neurovirol 1995; 1: 50–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osame M, Usuku K, Izumo S, Ijichi N, Amitani H, Igata A, Matsumoto M, Tara M. HTLV-I associated myelopathy: a new clinical entity. Lancet 1986; 1: 1031–1032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osame M. HAM/TSP: Global review and WHO diagnostic guidelines. Advances in Neurology, J S Chopra. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1991; 265–271
   Google Scholar
• Pradilla G, Leon F E, Zaninovic V. Paraparesia espastica tropical asociada al HTLV-I en Santander. UlS-Salud 1989; 17: 7–15
   Google Scholar
• Roman G, Spencer P, Schoemberg B. Tropical myeloneuropathies: the hidden endemies. Neurology 1985; 35: 1158–1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman G C, Roman L N. Tropical spastic paraparesis. A clinical study of 50 patients from Tumaco (Colombia) and review of the worldwide features of the syndrome. J Neurol Sci 1988; 87: 121–138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roman G C, Osame M. Identity of HTLV-I-associated tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-I associated myelopathy. Lancet 1988; 1: 651
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodgers-Johnson P, Gajdusek D C, Morgan O S, Zaninovic V, Sarin P S, Graham D S. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 antibodies and tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1985; 2: 1247–1248
   Google Scholar
• Sonoda S, Yashiki S, Fujiyoshi T, Osame M, Tanaka H, Zaninovic V, Blank M, Blank A, Hayami M, Tajima K. Genetic background of ATL and HAM/TSP among Japanese and other ethnic groups. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 1994; 10: 452
   Google Scholar
• Tangy F, Vernant J C, Coscoy L, Ossando M, Bellance R, Zaninovic V, Cartier L, Ozden S. A search for human T-cell leukemia virus type I in the lesions of patients with tropical spastic paraparesis and polymyositis. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 454–460
   Google Scholar
• Tylleskar T, Banea M, Bikangi N, Nahimana G, Persson L-A, Rosling H. Dietary determinants of a nonprogressive spastic paraparesis (Konzo): a case-referent study in a high incidence area of Zaire. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24: 949–956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaninovic V, Biojo R, Barreto P. Paraparesia espastica del Pacifico. Colombia Med 1981; 12: 111–117
   Google Scholar
• Zaninovic V, Biojo R, Arango C, Barreto P. El virus HTLV-I como possible causa de la paraparesia espastica del Pacifico. Colombia Med 1986; 17: 2–8
   Google Scholar
• Zaninovic V, Arango C, Biojo R. Tropical spastic paraparesis in Colombia. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: S161–S165
   Google Scholar
• Zaninovic V. Paraparesia espastica tropical en Colombia. Enfermedades asociadas con el virus HTLV-1, V Zaninovic, J Galindo, A Blank. XYZ press, Cali 1992; 77–86
   Google Scholar
• Zaninovic V, Sanzon F, Lopez F, Velandia G, Blank A, Blank M, Fujijama C, Yashiki S, Matsumoto D, Katahira Y, Sonoda S. Geographic independence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II foci in the Andes highlands, the Atlantic coast and the Orinoco of Colombia. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 1993; 10: 97–101
   Google Scholar
• Zaninovic V. HTLV-I seropositive vs HTLV-I seronegative tropical spastic paraparesis. J AIDS Res Hum Retrovirol 1995; 10: 228
   Google Scholar
• HTLV-I: thrusts and questions., V Zaninovic. XYZ, Cali 1996, in press
   Google Scholar