Repression of the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) promoter by the early growth response (EGR) proteins: Involvement of a binding site immediately downstream of the TATA box

References

• Ackerman S L, Minden A G, Williams G T, Bobonis C, Yeung C ‐Y. Functional significance of an overlapping consensus binding motif for Sp1 and Zif268 in the murine adenosine deaminase gene promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7523–7527
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batchelor A H, O'Hare P. Regulation and cell‐type‐specific activity of a promoter located upstream of the latency‐associated transcript of herpes simplex virus type I. J Virol 1990; 64: 3269–3279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand N J, Petkovich M, Chambon P. Characterization of a functional promoter for the human retinoic acid receptor‐alpha (hRAR‐a). Nucl Acids Res 1990; 18: 6799–6806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke R L, Hartog K, Croen K D, Ostrove J M. Detection and characterization of latent HSV RNA by in situ and northern blot hybridization in guinea pigs. Virology 1991; 181: 793–797
   Google Scholar
• Cao X, Koski R A, Gashler A, McKiernan M, Morris C F, Gaffhey R, Hay R V, Sukhatme V P. Identification and characterization of the Egr‐1 gene product, a DNA‐binding zinc finger protein induced by differentiation and growth signals. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10: 1931–1939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang S ‐Y, Welch J J, Rauscher F J, Beerman T A. Effect of DNA binding drugs on early growth response factor‐1 and TATA binding protein complex formation with the Herpes Simplex Virus latency promoter. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 23999–24004
   Google Scholar
• Chavrier P, Vesque C, Galliot B, Vigneron J, Dolle P, Duboule D, Charnay P. The segment‐specific gene Krox 20 encodes a transcription factor with binding sites in the promoter region of the Hox‐1.4 gene. EMB J 1990; 9: 1209–1218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Schmidt M C, Goins W F, Glorioso J C. Two herpes simplex virus type 1 latency‐active promoters differ in their contributions to latency‐associated transcript expression during lytic and latent infections. J Virol 1995; 69: 7899–7908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christy B, Nathans D. DNA binding site of the growth factor‐inducible protein Zif268. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 8737–8741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deatly A M, Spivack J G, Lavi E, Fraser N W. RNA from an immediate early region of the HSV‐1 genome is present in the trigeminal ganglia of latently infected mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 3204–3208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson A T, Margolis T P, Sederati F, Stevens J G, Feldman L T. A latent, nonpathogenic HSV‐1 derived vector stably expresses β‐galactosidase in mouse neurons. Neuron 1990; 5: 353–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson A T, Sederati F, Devi‐Rao G, Flanagan J, Farrell M J, Stevens J G, Wagner E K, Feldman L T. Identification of the latency‐associated transcript promoter by expression of rabbit beta‐globin mRNA in mouse sensory nerve ganglia latently infected with a recombinant herpes simplex virus. J Virol 1989; 63: 3844–3851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond I A, Madden S L, Rohwer‐Nutter P, Bell G I, Sikhatme V P, J R F, III. Repression of the insulinlike growth factor II gene by the Wilms tumor suppressor WT1. Science 1992; 257: 674–678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser N W, Block T M, Spivack J G. The latency‐associated transcripts of herpes simplex virus: RNA in search of function. Virology 1992; 191: 1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser N W, Spivack J G, Wroblewska Z, Block T, Deshmane S L, Valyi‐Nagy T, Natarajan R, Gesser R. A review of the molecular mechanism of HSV‐1 latency. Curr Eye Res 1991; 10: 1–14, (Suppl)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gashler A L, Swaminathan S, Sukhatme V P. A novel repression module, an extensive activation domain, and a bipartite nuclear localization signal defined in the immediate‐early transcription factor EGR‐1. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13: 4556–4571
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goins W F, Sternberg L R, Croen K D, Krause P R, Hendricks R L, Fink D J, Straus S E, Levine M, Glorioso J C. A novel latency‐active promoter is contained within the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL flanking repeats. J Virol 1994; 68: 2239–2252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham F L, van der Eb A J. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 1973; 52: 456–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta M P, Gupta M, Zak R, Sukhatme V P. Egr‐1, a serum‐inducible zinc finger protein, regulates transcription of the rat cardiac a‐myosin heavy chain gene. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 12813–12816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herdegen T M, KiesslingBele S, Bravo R, Zimmerman M, Gass P. The Krox‐20 transcription factor in the rat central and peripheral nervous systems: Novel expression pattern of an immediate early gene‐encoded protein. Neuroscience 1993; 57: 41–52
   Google Scholar
• Herdegen T, Walker T, Leah J D, Bravo R, Zimmerman M. The Krox‐24 protein, a new transcription regulating factor: Expression in the rat central nervous system following afferent somatosensory stimulation. Neurosci Lett 1990; 120: 21–24
   Google Scholar
• Hill J M, Sederati F, Javier R T, Wagner E K, Stevens J G. Herpes simplex virus latent phase transcription facilitates in vivo reactivation. Virology 1990; 174: 117–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho D Y, Mocarski E S. Herpes simplex virus latent RNA (LAT) is not required for latent infection in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 7596–7600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause P R, Croen K D, Straus S E, Ostrove J M. Detection and preliminary characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 transcripts in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 1988; 62: 4819–4823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreider B L, Rovera G. The immediate early gene response to a differentiative stimulus is disrupted by the v‐abl and v‐ras oncogenes. Oncogene (England) 1992; 7: 135–140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leib D A, Coen D M, Bogard C L, Hicks K A, Yager D R, Knipe D M, Tyler K L, Schaffer P A. Immediate‐early gene mutants define different stages in the establishment and reactivation of herpes simplex virus latency. J Virol 1989; 63: 759–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leib D A, Nadeau K C, Rundle J A, Schaffer P A. The promoter of the latency‐associated transcripts of herpes simplex type 1 contains a functional cAMP‐response element: Role of the latency‐associated transcripts and cAMP in reactivation of viral latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 48–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemaire P, Vesque C, Schmitt J, Stunnenberg H, Frank R, Charnay P. The serum‐inducible mouse gene Krox‐24 encodes a sequence‐specific transcriptional activator. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10: 3456–3467
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levine M, Manley J L. Transcriptional repression of eukaryotic promoters. Cell 1989; 59: 405–408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim R W, Varnum B C, Herschman H R. Cloning of tetradecanoyl phorbol ester‐induced 'primary response' sequences and their expression in density‐arrested Swiss 3T3 cells and a TPA non‐proliferative variant. Oncogene 1987; 1: 263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden S L, Cook D M, Morris J F, Gashler A, Sukhatme V P, J R F, III. Transcriptional repression mediated by the WT1 Wilms' tumor gene product. Science 1991; 253: 1550–1553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden S L, Rauscher F J. Positive and negative regulation of transcription and cell growth mediated by the EGR family of zinc‐finger gene products. Ann New York Acad Sci 1993; 684: 75–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maniatis T, Fritsch E F, Sambrook J. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. 1982
   Google Scholar
• McGeoch D J, Cunningham C, McIntyre G, Dolan A. Comparative sequence analysis of the long repeat regions and adjoining parts of the long unique regions in the genomes of the herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2. J Gen Virol 1991; 69: 1531–1574
   Google Scholar
• Millbrandt J. A nerve growth factor‐induced gene encodes a possible transcriptional regulatory factor. Science 1987; 238: 797
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell W J, Lirette R P, Fraser N W. Mapping of low abundance latency associated RNA in the trigeminal ganglia of mice latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J Gen Virol 1990; 71: 125–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan J I, Curran T. Stimulus‐transcription coupling in neurons: role of cellular immediate‐early genes. Trends Neurosci 1989; 12: 459–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen H Q, Hoffman‐Liebermann B, Liebermann D A. The zinc finger transcription factor Egr‐1 is essential for and restricts differentiation along the macrophage lineage. Cell 1993; 72: 197–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicosia M, Deshmane S L, Zabolotny J M, Valyi‐Nagy T, Fraser N W. A second promoter can express the latency associated transcript of herpes simplex virus‐1. J Virol 1993; 67: 7276–7283
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patwardhan S, Gashler A, Siegel M G, Chang L C, Joseph L J, Shows T B, LeBeau M M, Sukhatme V P. EGR3, a novel member of the Egr family of genes encoding immediate‐early transcription factors. Oncogene 1991; 6: 917–928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavletich N P, Pabo C O. Zinc finger‐DNA recognition: Crystal structure of a Zif268‐DNA complex at 2.1 A. Science 1991; 252: 809–817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry L J, McGeoch D J. The DNA sequences of the long repeat region and adjoining parts of the long unique region in the genome of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1. J Gen Virol 1988; 69: 2831–2846
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rader K A, Ackland‐Berglund C E, Miller J K, Pepose J S, Leib D A. In vivo characterization of site‐directed mutations in the promoter of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency‐associated transcripts. J Gen Virol 1993; 74: 1859–1869
   Google Scholar
• Rauscher F J. The WT1 Wilms' tumor gene product: A developmentally regulated transcription factor in the kidney that functions as a tumor suppressor. FASEB 1993; 7: 896–903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauscher F J, Morris J F, Tournay O E, Cook D M, Curran T. Binding of the Wilms' tumor locus zinc finger protein to the EGR‐1 consensus sequence. Science 1990; 250: 1259–1262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock D L, Nesburn A B, Ghiasi H, Ong J, Lewis T L, Lokensgard J R, Wechsler S M. Detection of latency related viral RNAs in trigeminal ganglia of rabbits latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol 1987; 61: 3820–3826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roizman B, Sears A E. An inquiry into the mechanisms of herpes simplex virus latency. Annu Rev Micro 1987; 41: 542–571
   Google Scholar
• Ryseck R ‐P, Harai S I, Yaniv M, Bravo R. Transcriptional activation of c‐jun during the G0G1 transition in mouse fibroblasts. Nature (London) 1988; 334: 535–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaran L. A simple quantitative assay for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase by direct extraction of the labeled product into scintillation cocktail. Anal Biochem 1992; 200: 180–186
   Google Scholar
• Stevens J G. Human herpesviruses: a consideration of the latent state. Micro Rev 1989; 53: 318–332
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spivack J G, Fraser N W. Detection of herpes simplex type 1 transcripts during latent infection in mice. J Virol 1987; 61: 3841–3847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner I, Spivack J G, Lirette R P, Brown S M, MacLean A R, Subak‐Sharpe J, Fraser N W. Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency‐associated transcripts are evidently not essential for latent infection. EMBO J 1989; 8: 505–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner I, Spivack J G, O'Boyle D R, Lavi E, Fraser N W. Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 transcription in human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 1988; 62: 3493–3496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens J G, Wagner E K, Devi‐Rao G B, Cook M L, Feldman L T. RNA complementary to a herpes virus gene mRNA is prominent in latently infected neurons. Science 1987; 235: 1056–1059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukhatme V P. Early transcriptional events in cell growth: The Egr family. J Am Soc Nephr 1990; 1: 859–866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukhatme V P. Proliferation of renal tubular cells and growth factors. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 615–618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukhatme V P, Cao X, Chang L C, Tsai‐Morris C ‐H, Stamenkovich D, Ferreira P C P, Cohen D R, Edwards S A, Shows T B, Curran T, LeBeau M M, Adamson E D. A zinc finger‐encoding gene coregulated with c‐fos during growth and differentiation, and after cellular depolarization. Cell 1988; 53: 37–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z Y, Madden S L, Deuel T F, J R F, III. The Wilms' tumor gene product, WTl, represses transcription of the platelet‐derived growth factor A‐chain gene. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 21999–22002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler S L, Nesburn J, Zaagstra N, Ghiasi H. Sequence of the latency related gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology 1989; 168: 168–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwaagstra J, Ghiasi H, Nesburn A B, Wechsler S L. Identification of a major regulatory sequence in the latency associated transcript (LAT) promoter of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1). Virology 1991; 182: 287–297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwaagstra J, Ghiasi H, Slanina S M, Nesburn A B, Wheatley S C, Lillycrop K, Wood J, Latchman D S, Patel K, Wechsler S L. Activity of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency associated transcript (LAT) promoter in neuron‐derived cells: evidence for neuron specificity and for a large LAT transcript. J Virol 1990; 64: 5019–5028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar