Sentries at the gate: chemokines and the blood-brain barrier

References

• Ahuja S, Gao J-L, Murphy P. Chemokine receptors and molecular mimickry. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 281–287
   Google Scholar
• Ahuja S, Murphy P. Molecular piracy of mammalian interleukin-8 receptor type B by herpesvirus saimiri. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 20691–20694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson P-B, Perry VH, Gordon S. Intracerebral injection of proinflammatory cytokines or leukocyte chemotaxins induces minimal myelomonocytic cell recruitment to the parenchyma of the central nervous system. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 255–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andjelkovic AV, Spencer DD, Pachter JS. Visualization of chemokine binding sites on human brain microvessels. J Cell Biol 1999; 145: 403–412
   Google Scholar
• Asensio VC, Campbell IL. Chemokine gene expression in the brains of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J Virol 1997; 71: 7832–7840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asensio V, Kincaid C, Campbell I. Chemokines and the inflammatory response to viral infection in the central nervous system with a focus on lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Neurovirol 1999; 5: 65–75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balashov KE, Rottman JB, Weiner HL, Hancock WW. CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1 alpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 6873–6878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes D, Huston M, Holmes R, Benveniste E, Yong V, Scholz P, Perez H. Induction of RANTES expression by astrocytes and astrocytoma cell lines. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 71: 207–214
   Google Scholar
• Baron JL, Madri JA, Ruddle NH, Hashim G, Janeway CA. Surface expression of alpha4 integrin by CD4 T cells is required for their entry into brain parenchyma. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 57–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholdi D, Schwab ME. Expression of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA upon experimental spinal cord injury in mouse: an in situ hybridization study. Eur J Neurosci 1997; 9: 1422–1438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell MD, Taub DD, Perry VH. Overriding the brain's intrinsic resistance to leukocyte recruitment with intraparenchymal injections of recombinant chemokines. Neuroscience 1996; 74: 283–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman J, Guida M, Warren J, Amat J, Brosnan C. Localization of monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1 expression on the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and trauma in the rat. J Immunol 1996; 156: 3017–3023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton SJ, Anthony DC, Perry VH. Loss of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 from cerebral vascular endothelium during neutrophil-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown in vivo. Neuroscience 1998; 86: 1245–1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdoulous S, Bensaid A, Martinez D, Sheikboudou C, Trap I, Strosberg A, Couraud P. Infection of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells with Cowdria ruminantium elicits IL-1 beta, -6 and-8 mRNA production and expression of an unusual MHC class II DQ alpha transcript. J Immunol 1995; 154: 4032–4038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosnan C, Bornstein M, Bloom B. The effects of macrophage depletion on the clinical and pathologic expression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1981; 126: 614–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles P, Chen X, Horwitz M, Brosnan C. Differential chemokine induction by the mouse adenovirus type-1 in the central nervous system of susceptible and resistant strains of mice. J Neurovirol 1999; 5: 55–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conant K, Garzino-Demo A, Nath A, Mc Arthur JC, Halliday W, Power C, Gallo RC, Major EO. Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HIV-1 Tat-stimulated astrocytes and elevation in AIDS dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 3117–3121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross AH, Cannella B, Brosnan CF, Raine CS. Homing to central nervous system vasculature by antigen-specific lymphocytes. I. Localization of 14C-labeled cells during acute, chronic, and relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Lab Invest 1990; 63: 162–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond M, Parkos C, Quinn Springer M.T. Heparin is an adhesive ligand for the leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18). J Cell Biol 1995; 130: 1473–1482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich L, Hu S, Sheng W, Sutton R, Rockswold G, Peterson P, Chao C. Cytokine regulation of human microglial cell IL-8 production. J Immunol 1998; 160: 1944–1948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes M, Durham S, Swerdel M, Lewin A, Barton D, Megill J, Bravo R, Lira S. Controlled recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to specific organs via transgenic expression of MCPÒ1. J Immunol 1995; 155: 5769–5776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaetani P, Tartara F, Pignatti P, Tancioni F, Rodriquez Y, Baena R, De Benedetti F. Cisternal CSF levels of cytokines after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Bes 1998; 20: 337–342
   Google Scholar
• Ghirnikar R, Lee Y, He T, Eng L. Chemokine expression in rat stab wound brain injury. J Neurosci Res 1996; 46: 727–733
   Google Scholar
• Ghirnikar R, Lee Y, Li J, Eng L. Chemokine inhibition in rat stab wound brain injury using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Neurosci Lett 1998; 247: 21–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilat D, Hershkoviz R, Mekori Y, Vlodavsky I, Lider O. Regulation of adhesion of CD4+ T lymphocytes to intact or heparinase-treated subendothelial extracellular matrix by diffusible or anchored RANTES and MIP-1 beta. J Immunol 1994; 153: 4899–4906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glabinski A, Krakowski M, Han Y, Owens T, Ransohoff R. Chemokine expression in GKO mice (lacking interferon-gamma) with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurovirol 1999; 5: 95–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glabinski A, Tani M, Aras S, Stoler M, Tuohy V, Ransohoff R. Regulation and function of central nervous system chemokines. International J Dev Neurosci 1995a; 13: 153–165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glabinski A, Tani M, Balasingam V, Yong VW, Ransohoff RM. Chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is expressed by astrocytes after mechanical injury to the brain. J Immunol 1996; 156: 4363–4368
   Google Scholar
• Glabinski A, Tani M, Strieter R, Tuohy V, Ransohoff R. Synchronous synthesis of a- and b-chemokines by cells of diverse lineage in the central nervous system of mice with relapses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Pathol 1997; 150: 617–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glabinski A, Tani M, Tuohy VK, Tuthill R, Ransohoff RM. Central nervous system chemokine gene expression follows leukocyte entry in acute murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun 1995b; 9: 315–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glabinski A, Tuohy V, Ransohoff R. Expression of chemokines RANTES, MIP-1 alpha and GRO-alpha correlates with inflammation in acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroimmunomodulation 1998; 5: 166–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godiska R, Chantry D, Dietsch G, Gray P. Chemokine expression in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 58: 167–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourmala NG, Buttini M, Limonta S, Sauter A, Boddeke HW. Differential and time-dependent expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-i mRNA by astrocytes and macrophages in rat brain: effects of ischemia and peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 74: 35–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzybicki D, Moore S, Schelper R, Glabinski A, Ransohoff R, Murphy S. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and nitric oxide synthase-2 following cerebral trauma. Acta Neuropathol 1998; 95: 98–103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo H, Jin Y, Ishikawa M, Huang Y, van der Meide P, Link H, Xiao B. Regulation of beta-chemokine mRNA expression in adult rat astrocytes by lipopolysaccharide, proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48: 502–508
   Google Scholar
• Halford W, Gebhardt B, Carr D. Persistent cytokine expression in trigeminal ganglion latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J Immunol 1996; 157: 3542–3549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann E, Berman N, Wang Y-Y, Meara J, Wood G, Klein R. Selective chemokine mRNA expression following brain injury. Brain Res 1998; 788: 49–59
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi M, Luo Y, Laning J, Strieter RM, Dorf ME. Production and function of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other beta-chemokines in murine glial cells. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 60: 143–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickey WF, Hsu BL, Kimura H. T-lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system. J Neurosci Res 1991; 28: 254–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffnagle G, Mc Neil L. Dissemination of C. neoformans to the central nervous system: role of chemokines, Th1 immunity and leukocyte recruitment. J Neurovirol 1999; 5: 76–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulkower K, Brosnan CF, Aquino DA, Cammer W, Kulshcrestha S, Guida MP, Rapoport DA, Berman JW. Expression of CSF-1, c-fms and MCP-1 in the central nervous system of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1993; 150: 2525–2533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hvas J, Mc Lean C, Justesen J, Kannourakis G, Steinman L, Oksenberg J, Bernard C. Perivascular T cells express the proinflammatory chemokine RANTES mRNA in multiple sclerosis lesions. Scand J Immunol 1997; 46: 195–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivacko J, Szaflarski J, Malinak C, Flory C, Warren J, Silverstein F. Hypoxic-ischemic injury induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in neonatal rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997; 17: 759–770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Salafranca M, Adhikari S, Xia Y, Feng L, Sonntag M, deFiebre C, Pennell N, Streit W, Harrison J. Chemokine receptor expression in cultured glia and rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 86: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson BB. The physiology of the blood-brain barrier. Circulating regulatory factors and neuroendocrine function, JC Porter, D Jezova. Plenum Press, New York 1990; 25–39
   Google Scholar
• Karin N, Szafer F, Mitchell D, Gold D, Steinman L. Selective and nonselective stages in homing of T lymphocytes to the central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1993; 150: 4116–4124
   Google Scholar
• Karpus W, Ransohoff R. Commentary: Chemokine regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: temporal and spatial expression patterns govern disease pathogenesis. J Immunol 1998; 161: 2667–2671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpus WJ, Kennedy KJ. MIP-1alpha and MCP-1 differentially regulate acute and relapsing autoimmune encephalomyelitis as well as Th1/Th2 lymphocyte differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 1997; 62: 681–687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpus WJ, Lukacs NW, Mc Rae BL, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Miller SD. An important role for the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-la in the pathogenesis of the T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1995; 155: 5003–5010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy K, Stieter R, Kunkel S, Lukacs N, Karpus W. Acute and relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are regulated by differential expression of the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 92: 98–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Gautam SC, Chopp M, Zaloga C, Jones ML, Ward PA, Wellch K MA. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 56: 127–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kossmann T, Stahel PF, Lenzlinger PM, Redl H, Dubs RW, Trentz O, Schlag G, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Interleukin-8 released into the cerebrospinal fluid after brain injury is associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction and nerve growth factor production. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997; 17: 280–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuchroo VK, Martin CA, Greer JM, Ju S-T, Sobel RA, Dorf ME. Cytokines and adhesion molecules contribute to the ability of myelin proteolipid protein-specific T cell clones to mediate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1993; 151: 4371–4382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane T, Asensio V, Yu N, Paoletti A, Campbell I, Buchmeier M. Dynamic regulation of alpha-and beta-chemokine expression in the central nervous system during mouse hepatitis virus-induced demye-linating disease. J Immunol 1998; 160: 970–978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipovsky M, Gekker G, Hu S, Erhrlich L, Hoepelman A, Peterson P. Cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan induces interleukin (IL)-8 production by human microglia but inhibits neutrophil migration toward IL-8. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 260–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Young PR, Mc Donnell PC, White RF, Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant mRNA expressed in cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 1993; 164: 125–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Cortes LF, Cruz-Ruiz M, Gomez-Mateos J, Viciana-Fernandez P, Martinez-Marcos FJ, Pachon J. Interleukin-8 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with meningitis of different etiologies: Its possible role as neutrophil chemotactic factor. J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 581–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luster F. Chemokines-chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. New Engl J Med 1998; 338: 436–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Male D, Pryce G, Hughes C, Lantos P. Lymphocyte migration into brain modelled in vitro: Controlled by lymphocyte activation, cytokines, and antigen. Cell Immunol 1990; 127: 1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto T, Ikeda K, Mukaida N, Harada A, Matsumoto Y, Yamashita J, Matsushima K. Prevention of cerebral edema and infarct in cerebral reperfusion injury by an antibody to interleukin-8. Lab Invest 1997; 77: 119–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc Manus C, Berman J, Brett F, Staunton H, Farrell M, Brosnan C. MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. J Neuroimmunol 1998a; 86: 20–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc Manus C, Brosnan C, Berman J. Cytokine induction of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta in human fetal microglia. J Immunol 1998b; 160: 1449–1455
   Google Scholar
• Mehta P, Bruccoleri A, Brown H, Harry G. Increase in brain stem cytokine mRNA levels as an early response to chemical-induced myelin edema. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 88: 154–164
   Google Scholar
• Middleton J, Neil S, Wintle J, Clark-Lewis I, Moore H, Lam C, Auer M, Hub E, Rot A. Transcytosis and surface presentation of IL-8 by venular endothelial cells. Cell 1997; 91: 385–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagishi R, Kikuchi S, Fukazawa T, Tashiro K. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1a in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory neurological diseases. J Neurol Sci 1995; 129: 223–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagishi R, Kikuchi S, Takayama C, Inoue Y, Tashiro K. Identification of cell types producing RANTES, MIP-1α and MIP-1β in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in situ hybridization. J Neuroimmunol. 1997; 77: 17–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto Y, Kim S. Cytokine-induced production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) in cultured human astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 1999; 55: 245–251
   Google Scholar
• Morita M, Kasahara T, Mukaida N, Matsushima K, Nagashima T, Nishizawa M, Yoshida M. Induction and regulation of IL-8 and MCAF production in human brain tumor cell lines and brain tumor tissues. Eur Cytokine Netw 1993; 4: 351–358
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nitta T, Allegretta M, Okumura K, Sato K, Steinman L. Neoplastic and reactive human astrocytes express interleukin-8 gene. Neurosurgical Review 1992; 15: 203–207
   Google Scholar
• Norgard-Sumnicht K, Varki N, Varki A. Calcium-dependent heparin-like ligands for L-selectin in nonlymphoid endothelial cells. Science 1993; 261: 480–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh J, Schwiebert L, Benveniste E. Cytokine regulation of CC and CXC chemokine expression by human astrocytes. J Neurovirol 1999; 5: 82–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Lloyd C, Zhou H, Dolich S, Deeds J, Gonzalo JA, Vath J, Gosselin M, Ma J, Dussault B, Woolf E, Alperin G, Culpepper J, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Gearing D. Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 1997; 387: 611–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson PK, Hu S, Salak-Johnson J, Molitor TW, Chao CC. Differential production of and migratory response to beta chemokines by human microglia and astrocytes. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 478–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph G, Furie M. A soluble gradient of endogenous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 promotes the transendothelial migration of monocytes in vitro. J Immunol 1995; 155: 3610–3618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ransohoff RM, Hamilton TA, Tani M, Stoler MH, Shick HE, Major JA, Estes ML, Thomas DM, Tuohy VK. Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FASEB J 1993; 7: 592–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollins BJ. Chemokines. Blood 1997; 90: 909–928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romson J, Hook B, Kunkel S, Abrams G, Schork M, Lucchesi B. Reduction of the extent of ischemic myocardial injury by neutrophil depletion in the dog. Circulation 1983; 67: 1016–1023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rot A. Binding of neutrophil attractant/activation protein-1 (interleukin-8) to resident dermal cells. Cytokine 1992; 4: 347–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders V, Pittman C, White M, Wang G, Wiley C, Achim C. Chemokines and receptors in HIV encephalitis. AIDS 1998; 12: 1021–1026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasseville VG, Smith MM, Mackay CR, Pauley DR, Mansfield KG, Ringler DJ, Lackner AA. Chemokine expression in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis. Am J Pathol 1996; 149: 1459–1467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar