Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the central nervous system

References

• Adams D H, Shaw S. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions and regulation of leukocyte migration. Lancet 1994; 343: 831–836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adle-Biassette H, Levy Y, Colombel M, Poron F, Natchev S, Keohane C, Gray F. Neuronal apoptosis in HIV infection in adults. Neuropathology & Applied Neurobiology 1995; 21: 218–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggoun-Zouaoui D, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Rivera S, Jorquera I, Ben-Ari Y, Represa A. The HIV-1 envelope protein gpl20 induces neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal slices. Neuroreport 1996; 7: 433–436
   Google Scholar
• Alkhatib G, Combadiere C, Broder C C, Feng Y, Kennedy P E, Murphy P M, Berger E A. CC CKRS: A RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 1996; 272: 1955–1958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aloisi F, Care A, Borsellino G, Gallo P, Rosa S, Bassani A, Cabibbo A, Testa U, Levi G, Peschle C. Production of hemolymphopoietic cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, colony-stimulating factors) by normal human astrocytes in response to IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Immunol 1992; 149: 2358–2366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo D M, Cotman C W. Trophic effects of interleukin-4, -7 and -8 on hippocampal neuronal cultures: potential involvement of glial-derived factors. Brain Res 1993; 600: 49–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashorn P A, Berger E A, Moss B. Human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein/CD4-mediated fusion of nonprimate cells with human cell. J Virol 1990; 64: 2149–2156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagetta G, Corasaniti M T, Berliocchi L, Navarra M, Finazzi-Agro A, Nistico G. HIV-1 gpl20 produces DNA fragmentation in the cerebral cortex of rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 211: 130–136
   Google Scholar
• Baggiolini M. Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nature 1998; 392: 565–568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggiolini M, Clark-Lewis I. Interleukin-8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine. FEBS Letters 1992; 307: 97–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barna B P, Pettay J, Barnett G H, Zhou P, Iwasaki K, Estes M L. Regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in adult human non-neoplastic astrocytes is sensitive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or antibody to the 55-kDa TNF receptor. J Neuroim-munology 1994; 50: 101–107
   Google Scholar
• Barnes D A, Huston M, Holmes R, Benveniste E N, Yong V W, Scholz P, Perez H D. Induction of RANTES expression by astrocytes and astrocytoma cell lines. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 71: 207–214
   Google Scholar
• Barnwell J W, Nichols M E, Rubenstein P. In vitro evaluation of the role of the Duffy blood group in erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium vivax. J Exp Med 1987; 169: 1795–1802
   Google Scholar
• Bazan J F, Bacon K B, Hardiman G, Wang W, Soo K, Rossi D, Greaves D R, Zlotnik A, Schall T J. A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 1997; 385: 640–644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrada F, Ma D, Michaud J, Doucet G, Giroux L, Kessous-Elbaz A. Neuronal expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env proteins in transgenic mice: distribution in the central nervous system and pathological alterations. J Virol 1995; 69: 6770–6778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddison W E, Cruikshank W W, Center D M, Pelfrey C M, Taub D D, Turner R V. CD8+ myelin peptide-specific T cells can chemoattract CD4+ myelin peptide-specific T cells: importance of IFN-inducible protein 10. J Immunol 1998; 160: 444–448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddison W E, Taub D D, Cruikshank W W, Center D M, Connor E W, Honma K. Chemokine and matrix metalloproteinase secretion by myelin proteolipid protein-specific CD8+ T cells: potential roles in inflammation. J Immunol 1997; 158: 3046–3053
   Google Scholar
• Bolin L M, Murray R, Lukacs N W, Strieter R M, Kunkel S L, Schall T J, Bacon K B. Primary sensory neurons migrate in response to the chemokine RANTES. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 81: 49–57
   Google Scholar
• Borlongan C V, Koutouzis T K, Jorden J R, Martinez R, Rodriguez A I, Poulos S G, Freeman T B, McKeown P, Cahill D W, Nishino H, Sanberg P R. Neural transplantation as an experimental treatment modality for cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997; 21: 79–90
   Google Scholar
• Brezinschek R I, Lipsky P E, Galea P, Vita R, Oppenheimer-Marks N. Phenotypic characterization of CD4+ T cells that exhibit a transendothelial migratory capacity. J Immunol 1995; 154: 3062–3077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choe H, Farzan M, Sun Y, Sullivan N, Rollins B, Ponath P D, Wu L J, Mackay C R, LaRosa G, Newman W, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J. The β-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell 1996; 85: 1135–1148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuluyan H E, Schall T J, Yoshimura T, Issekutz A C. IL-1 activation of endothelium supports VLA-4 (CD49d/CD29)-mediated monocyte transendothelial migration to C5a, MIP-1 alpha, RANTES, and PAF but inhibits migration to MCP-1: A regulatory role for endothelium-derived MCP-1. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1995; 58: 71–79
   Google Scholar
• Chuntharapai A, Lee J, Hebert C A, Kim K J. Monoclonal antibodies detect different distribution patterns of IL-8 receptor A and IL-8 receptor B on human peripheral blood leukocytes. J Immunol 1994; 153: 5682–5688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocchi F, DeVico A L, Garzino-Demo A, Arya S K, Gallo R C, Lusso P. Identification of RANTES, MIP-lα, and MIP-1β as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 1995; 270: 1811–1815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combadiere C, Ahuja S K, Van Damme J, Tiffany H L, Gao J L, Murphy P M. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 is a functional ligand for CC chemokine receptors 1 and 2B. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 29671–29675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor R I, Sheridan K E, Ceradini D, Choe S, Landau N R. Change in coreceptor use correlates with disease progression in HIV-1 infected individuals. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 621–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corboy J R, Buzy J M, Zink M C, Clements J E. Expression directed from HIV long terminal repeats in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. Science 1992; 258: 1804–1808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham E T, De Zouza E B. Interleukin-1 receptors in the brain and endocrine tissues. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 171–176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D'Souza M P, Harden V A. Chemokines and HIV-1 second receptors Confluence of two fields generates optimism in AIDS research. Nature Med 1996; 2: 1293–1300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis C B, Dikic I, Unutmaz D, Hill C M, Arthos J, Siani M A, Thompson D A, Schlessinger J, Littman D R. Signal Transduction Due to HIV-1 Envelope Interactions with Chemokine Receptors CXCR4 or CCR5. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 1793–1798
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deng H K, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton R E, Hill C M, Davis C B, Peiper S C, Schall T J, Littman D R, Landau N R. Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 1996; 381: 661–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng H K, Unutmaz D, KewalRamani V N, Littman D R. Expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. Nature 1997; 388: 296–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbaillets I, Diserens A C, Tribolet N, Hamou M F, Meir E G V. Upregulation of Interleukin 8 by Oxygen-deprived Cells in Glioblastoma Suggests a Role in Leukocyte Activation, Chemotaxis, and Angiogenesis. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 1201–1212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbaillets I, Tada M, de Tribolet N, Diserens A C, Hamou M F, Van Meir E G. Human astrocytomas and glioblastomas express monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in vivo and in vitro. International Journal of Cancer 1994; 58: 240–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohlman H G, Thorner J, Caron M G, Lefkowitz R J. Model systems for the study of seven transmembrane-segment receptors. Annu Rev Biochem 1991; 60: 653–688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doranz B J, Rucker J, Yi Y J, Smyth Rf, Samson M, Peiper S C, Parmentier M, Collman R G, Doms R W. A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that used fusin and the β-chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors. Cell 1996; 85: 1149–1158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragic T, Charneau P, Clavel F, Alizon M. Complementation of murine cells for human immunodeficiency virus envelope/CD4-mediated fusion in human/murine heterokaryons. J Virol 1992; 66: 4794–4802
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dragic T, Litwin V, Allaway G P, Martin S R, Huang Y X, Nagashima K A, Cayanan C, Maddon P J, Koup R A, Moore J P, Paxton W A. HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC.-CKR-5. Nature 1996; 381: 667–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebers G C. Multiple sclerosis and other demyeli-nating disease. Diseases of the nervous system, A K Asbury, G M McKhann, W I McDonald. Ardmore medical books, Philadelphia 1986; 1268–1281
   Google Scholar
• Edinger A L, Amedee A, Miller K, Doranz B J, Endres M, Sharron M, Samson M, Lu Z, Clements J E, Murphey-Corb M, Peiper S C, Parmentier M, Broder C C, Doms R W. Differential utilization of CCR5 by macrophage and T cell tropic simian immunodeficiency virus strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997a; 94: 4005–4010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edinger A L, Mankowski J L, Doranz B J, Margulies B J, Lee B, Rucker J, Sharron M, Hoffman T L, Berson J F, Zink M C, Hirsch V M, Clements J E, Doms R W. CD4-independent, CCR5-dependent infection of brain capillary endothelial cells by a neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus strain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997b; 94: 14742–14747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endres M J, Clapham P R, Marsh M, Ahuja M, Turner J D, McKnight A, Thomas J F, Stoebenau-Haggarty B, Choe S, Vance P J, Wells T N C, Power C A, Sutterwala S S, Doms R W, Landau N R, Hoxie J A. CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 is mediated by Fusin/CXCR4. Cell 1996; 87: 745–756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzan M, Choe H, Martin K, Marcon L, Hofmann W, Karlsson G, Sun Y, Barrett P, Marchand N, Sullivan N, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J. Two Orphan Seven-Transmembrane Segment Receptors Which Are Expressed in CD4-positive Cells Support Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 405–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Broder C C, Kennedy P E, Berger E A. HIV-1 entry cofactor : Functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science 1996; 272: 872–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Zepeda E A, Combadiere C, Rothenberg M E, Sarafi M N, Lavigne F, Hamid Q, Murphy P M, Luster A D. Human monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4 is a novel CC chemokine with activities on monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils induced in allergic and nonallergic inflammation that signals through the CC chemokine receptors (CCR)-2 and -3. J Immunol 1996; 157: 5613–5626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelbard H A, James H J, Sharer L R, Perry S W, Saito Y, Kazee A M, Blumberg B M, Epstein L G. Apoptotic neurons in brains from paediatric patients with HIV-1 encephalitis and progressive encephalopathy. Neuropathology & Applied Neurobiology 1995; 21: 208–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorpade A, Xia M Q, Hyman B T, Bersidsky Y, Nukuna A, Bock P, Che M H, Limoges J, Gendelman H E, Mackay C R. Role of the β-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of monocytes and microglia. J Virol 1998; 72: 3351–3361
   Google Scholar
• Gitter B D, Cox L M, Rydel R E, May P C. Amyloid f peptide potentiates cytokine secretion by interleukin-1 β-activated human astrocytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 10738–10741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glabinski A R, Tani M, Strieter R M, Tuohy V K, Ransohoff R M. Synchronous synthesis of α- and β-chemokines by cells of diverse lineage in the central nervous system of mice with relapses of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Pathol 1997; 150: 617–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glushakova S, Baibakov B, Zimmerberg J, Margolis L B. Experimental HIV infection of human lymphoid tissue: correlation of CD4+ T cell depletion and virus syncytium-inducing/non-syncytium-inducing phenotype in histocultures inoculated with laboratory strains and patient isolates of HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13: 461–471
   Google Scholar
• Godiska R, Chantry D, Dietsch G N, Gray P W. Chemokine expression in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunology 1995; 58: 167–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S K, Lysko P G, Pillarisetti K, Ohlstein E, Stadel J M. Chemokine Receptors in Human Endothelial Cells. Functional expression of CXCR4 and its transcriptional regulation by inflammatory cytokines. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 4282–4287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley T J, Lu Z-h, Wasniowska K, Martin A W, Peiper S C, Hesselgesser J, Horuk R. Post-Capillary Venule Endothelial Cells in Kidney Express a Multi-specific Chemokine Receptor that is Structurally and Functionally Identical to the Erythroid Isoform, which is the Duffy Blood Group Antigen. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 985–991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J L, Chen Y Z, Farzan M, Choe H Y, Ohagen A, Gartner S, Busciglio J, Yang X Y, Hofmann W, Newman W, Mackay C R, Sodroski J, Gabuzda D. CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. Nature 1997; 385: 645–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselgesser J, Halks-Miller M, DelVecchio V, Peiper S C, Hoxie J, Kolson D L, Taub D, Horuk R. CD4-independent association between HTV-1 gpl20 and CXCR4: Functional chemokine receptors are expressed in human neurons. Curr Biol 1997; 7: 112–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselgesser J, Taub D, Baskar P, Greenberg M, Hoxie J, Kolson D L, Horuk R. Neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gpl20 and the chemokine SDF-la is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Current Biology 1998; 8: 595–598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirka G, Prakash K, Kawashima H, Plotkin S A, Andrews P W, Gonczol E. Differentiation of human embryonal carcinoma cells induces human immunodeficiency virus permissiveness which is stimulated by human cytomegalovirus coinfection. J Virol 1991; 65: 2732–2735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honma K, Parker K C, Becker K G, McFarland H F, Coligan I E, Biddison W E. Identification of an epitope derived from human proteolipid protein that can induce autoreactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes restricted by HLA.-A3: evidence for cross-reactivity with an environmental microorganism. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 73: 7–14
   Google Scholar
• Horuk R. Molecular properties of the chemokine receptor family. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1994; 15: 159–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horuk R, Chitnis C E, Darbonne W C, Colby T J, Rybicki A, Hadley T J, Miller L H. A receptor for the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax: The erythrocyte chemokine receptor. Science 1993; 261: 1182–1184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horuk R, Hesselgesser J, Zhou Y, Faulds D, Halks-Miller M, Taub D, Samson M, Parmentier M, Rucker J, Doranz B J, Doms R W. The CC chemokine 1–309 inhibits CCR8-dependent infection by diverse HIV-1 strains. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 386–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horuk R, Martin A W, Wang Z-X, Scweitzer L, Gerassi-Mides A, Lu Z-H, Hesselgesser J, Kim J, Parker J, Hadley T J, Perez H D, Peiper S C. Expression of chemokine receptors by subsets of neurons in the normal central nervous system. J Immunol 1997; 158: 2882–2890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosie M J, Broere N, Hesselgesser J, Turner J D, Hoxie J A, Neil J C, Willett B J. Modulation of feline immunodeficiency virus infection by stromal cell-derived factor. J Virol 1998; 72: 2097–2104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber A R, Kunkel S L, Todd R F, Weiss S J. Regulation of transendothelial neutrophil migration by endogenous interleukin-8. Science 1991; 254: 99–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulkower K, Brosnan C F, Aquino D A, Cammer W, Kulshrestha S, Guida M P, Rapoport D A, Berman J W. Expression of CSF-1, c-fms and MCP-1 in the central nervous system of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1993; 150: 2525–2533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai T, Hieshima K, Haskell C, Baba M, Nagira M, Nishimura M, Kakizaki M, Takagi S, Nomiyama H, Schall T J, Yoshie O. Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell 1997; 91: 521–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinno A, Shimizu N, Soda Y, Haraguchi Y, Kitamura T, Hoshino H. Identification of the chemokine receptor TER1/CCR8 expressed in brain-derived cells and T cells as a new coreceptor for HIV-1 infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 243: 497–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpus W J, Kennedy K J. MIP-1alpha and MCP-1 differentially regulate acute and relapsing autoimmune encephalomyelitis as well as Th1/Th2 lymphocyte differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 1997; 62: 681–687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleppner S R, Robinson K A, Trojanowski J Q, Lee V M. Transplanted human neurons derived from a teratocarcinoma cell line (NTera-2) mature, integrate, and survive for over 1 year in the nude mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 1995; 357: 618–632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolson D, Pomerantz D. AIDS Dementia and HIV-1-Induced Neurotoxicity: Possible Pathogenic Associations and Mechanisms. Journal of Biomedical Science 1996; 3: 389–414
   Google Scholar
• Kuchroo V K, Martin C A, Greer J M, Ju S T, Sobel R A, Dorf M E. Cytokines and adhesion molecules contribute to the ability of myelin proteolipid protein-specific T cell clones to mediate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1993; 151: 4371–4382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane T E, Asensio V C, Yu N C, Paoletti A D, Campbell I L, Buchmeier M J. Dynamic regulation of α- and β-chemokine expression in the central nervous system during mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Immunol 1998; 160: 970–978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavi E, Strizki J M, Ulrich A M, Zhang W, Fu L, Wang Q, O'Connor M, Hoxie J A, Gonzalez-Scarano F. CXCR-4 (Fusin), a co-receptor for the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), is expressed in the human brain in a variety of cell types, including microglia and neurons. Am J Pathol 1997; 151: 1035–1042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y S, Shyy Y J, Wright J G, Valente A J, Cornhill J F, Kolattukudy P E. The expression of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) in human vascular endothelium in vitro and in vivo. Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry 1993; 126: 61–68
   Google Scholar
• Lipton S A, Sucher N J, Kaiser P K, Dreyer E B. Synergistic effects of HIV coat protein and NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Neuron 1991; 1: 111–118
   Google Scholar
• Luster A D. Chemokines chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 436–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Q, Jones D, Borghesani P R, Segal R A, Nagasawa T, Kishimoto T, Branson R T, Springer T A. Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1 deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 9448–9453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcon L, Choe H, Martin K A, Farzan M, Ponath P D, Wu L J, Newman W, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J. Utilization of C.-C chemokine receptor 5 by the envelope glycoproteins of a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmac239. J Virol 1997; 71: 2522–2527
   Google Scholar
• Marfaing-Koka A, Devergne O, Gorgone G, Portier A, Schall T J, Galanaud P, Emilie D. Regulation of the production of the RANTES chemokine by endothelial cells: Synergistic induction by IFN-gamma plus TNF-α and inhibition by IL-4 and IL-13. J Immunol 1995; 154: 1870–1878
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McManus C M, Brosnan C F, Berman J W. Cytokine induction of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta in human fetal microglia. J Immunol 1998; 160: 1449–1455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill J E. Macroglia: neural cells responsive to lymphokines and growth factors. Immunology Today 1987; 8: 146–150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meucci O, Miller R J. gpl20-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampal pyramidal neuron cultures: protective action of TGF-beta1. Journal of Neuroscience 1996; 16: 4080–4088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagishi R, Kikuchi S, Takayama C, Inoue Y, Tashiro K. Identification of cell types producing RANTES, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in situ hybridization. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 77: 17–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses A V, Williams S E, Strussenberg J G, Heneveld M L, Ruhl R A, Bakke A C, Bagby G C, Nelson J A. HIV-1 induction of CD40 on endothelial cells promotes the outgrowth of AIDS-associated B-cell lymphomas. Nature Medicine 1997; 3: 1242–1249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami K, Ueno A, Yamanouchi K, Kondo T. Thrombin induces GRO alpha/MGSA production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Thrombosis Research 1995; 79: 387–394
   Google Scholar
• Neote K, DiGregorio D, Mak J Y, Horuk R, Schall T J. Molecular cloning, functional expression, and signaling characteristics of a C.-C chemokine receptor. Cell 1993; 72: 415–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Lloyd C, Zhou H, Dolich S, Deeds J, Gonzalo J A, Vath J, Gosselin M, Ma J, Dussault B, Woolf E, Alperin G, Culpepper J, Gutierrez-Ramos J C, Gearing D. Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 1997; 387: 611–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiper S, Wang Z-x, Neote K, Martin A W, Showell H J, Conklyn M J, Ogborne K, Hadley T J, Zhaohai L, Hesselgesser J, Horuk R. The Duffy antigen/ receptor for chemokines (DARC) is expressed in endothelial cells of Duffy negative individuals who lack the erythrocyte receptor. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 1311–1317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piali L, Weber C, LaRosa G, Mackay C R, Springer T A, Clark-Lewis I, Moser B. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 mediates rapid and shear-resistant adhesion-induction of effector T lymphocytes by the chemokines IP10 and Mig. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28: 961–972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ransohoff R M, Hamiltion T A, Tani M, Stoler M H, Shick H E, Major J A, Estes M L, Thomas D M, Tuohy V K. Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FASEB J 1993; 7: 592–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves J D, McKnight A, Potempa S, Simmons G, Gray P W, Power C A, Wells T, Weiss R A, Talbot S J. CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 (ROD/B): Use of the 7-transmembrane receptors CXCR-4, CCR-3, and V28 for entry. Virology 1997; 231: 130–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollins B J, Pober J S. Interleukin-4 induces the synthesis and secretion of MCP-l/JE by human endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 1315–1319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos R S, Loetscher M, Legler D F, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Moser B. Identification of CCR8, the receptor for the human CC chemokine I-309. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 17251–17254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottman J B, Ganley K P, Williams K, Wu L J, Mackay C R, Ringler D J. Cellular localization of the chemokine receptor CCR5 - Correlation to cellular targets of HIV-1 infection. Am J Pathol 1997; 151: 1341–1351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucker J, Edinger A L, Sharron M, Samson M, Lee B, Berson J F, Yi Y, Margulies B, Collman R G, Doranz B J, Parmentier M, Doms R W. Utilization of chemokine receptors, orphan receptors, and herpes-virus-encoded receptors by diverse human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. J Virol 1997; 71: 8999–9007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson M, Labbe O, Mollereau C, Vassart G, Parmentier M. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a new human CC-chemokine receptor gene. Biochemistry 1996; 35: 3362–3367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasseville V G, Smith M M, Mackay C R, Pauley D R, Mansfield K G, Ringler D J, Lackner A A. Chemokine expression in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis. Am J Pathol 1996; 149: 1459–1467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarlatti G, Tresoldi E, Björndal Å, Fredriksson R, Colognesi C, Deng H K, Malnati M S, Plebani A, Siccardi A G, Littman D R, Fenyo E M, Lusso P. In vivo evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression. Nature Med 1997; 3: 1259–1265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schall T. The Chemokines. The Cytokine Handbook, A Thompson. Academic Press, San Diego 1994; 419–460
   Google Scholar
• Schmidtmayerova H, Nottet H S L, Nuovo G, Raabe T, Flanagan C R, Dubrovsky L, Gendelman H E, Cerami A, Bukrinsky M, Sherry B. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection alters chemokine β peptide expression in human mnocytes: Implications for recruitment of leukocytes into brain and lymph nodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 700–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shieh J T, Albright A V, Sharron M, Gartner S, Strizki J, Doms R W, Gonzalez-Scarano F. Chemokine receptor utilization by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates that replicate in microglia. J Virol 1998; 72: 4243–4249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer T A. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 1994; 76: 301–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strieter R M, Kunkel S L, Showell H J, Rennick D J, Phan S H, Ward R A, Marks R M. Endothelial cell gene expression of a neutrophil chemotactic factor by TNF-α, LPS, and IL-1β. Science 1989; 243: 1467–1469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshima H, Kuratsu J, Takeya M, Yoshimura T, Ushio Y. Expression and localization of messenger RNA and protein for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human malignant glioma. Journal of Neurosurgery 1994; 80: 1056–1062
   Google Scholar
• Tanabe S, Heesen M, Berman M A, Fischer M B, Yoshizawal Luo Y, Dorf M E. Murine astroyctes express a functional chemokine receptor. J Neurosci 1997a; 17: 6522–6528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe S, Heesen M, Yoshizawa I, Berman M A, Luo Y, Bleul C C, Springer T A, Okuda K, Gerard N, Dorf M E. Functional expression of the CXC-chemokine receptor-4/fusin on mouse microglial cells and astrocytes. J Immunol 1997b; 159: 905–911
   Google Scholar
• Tani M, Fuentes M E, Peterson J W, Trapp B D, Durham S K, Loy J K, Bravo R, Ransohoff R M, Lira S A. Neutrophil, infiltration, glial reaction, and neurological disease in transgenic mice expressing the chemokine N51/KC in oligodendrocytes. J Clin Invest 1996a; 98: 529–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tani M, Glabinski A R, Tuohy V K, Staler M H, Estes M L, Ransohoff R M. In situ hybridization analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA reveals evidence of biphasic astrocyte activation during acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Pathol 1996b; 148: 889–896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffany H L, Lautens L L, Gao J L, Pease J, Locati M, Combadiere C, Modi W, Bonner T I, Murphy P M. Identification of CCR8: A human monocyte and thymus receptor for the CC chemokine 1–309. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 165–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toggas S M, Masliah E, Rockenstein E M, Rail G F, Abraham C R, Mucke L. Central nervous system damage produced by expression of the HIV-1 coat protein gpl20 in transgenic mice. Nature 1994; 367: 188–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallat A V, De Girolami U, He J L, Mhashilkar A, Marasco W, Shi B, Gray F, Bell J, Keohane C, Smith T W, Gabuzda D. Localization of HIV-1 co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in the brain of children with AIDS. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 167–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Snick J, Houssiau F, Proost P, Van Damme J, Renauld J C. I-309/T cell activation gene-3 chemokine protects murine T cell lymphomas against dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. J Immunol 1996; 157: 2570–2576
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volin M V, Joseph E, Shockley M S, Davies P F. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in endothelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 242: 46–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weissman D, Rabin R L, Arthos J, Rubbert A, Dybul M, Swofford R, Venkatesan S, Farber J M, Fauci A S. Macrophage-tropic HIV and SIV envelope proteins induce a signal through the CCR5 chemokine receptor. Nature 1997; 389: 981–985
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westmoreland S V, Rottman J B, Williams K C, Lackner A A, Sasseville V G. Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 659–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willett B J, Hosie M J, Neil J C, Turner J D, Hoxie J A. Common mechanism of infection by lentiviruses. Nature 1997a; 385: 587–587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willett B J, Picard L, Hosie M J, Turner J D, Adema K, Clapham P R. Shared usage of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by the feline and human immunodeficiency viruses. J Virol 1997b; 71: 6407–6415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia M, Qin S, McNamara M, Mackay C, Hyman B T. Interleukin-8 receptor B immunoreactivity in brain and neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Path 1997; 150: 1267–1274
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang L, He T, Talal A, Wang G, Frankel S S, Ho D D. In vivo distribution of the human immunodeficiency Virus/Simian immunodeficiency virus core-ceptors: CXCR4, CCR3, and CCR5. J Virol 1998; 72: 5035–5045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou Y-R, Kottman A H, Koruda M, Taniuchi I, Littman D R. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature 1998; 393: 595–599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar