Dissemination of C. neoformans to the central nervous system: role of chemokines, Th1 immunity and leukocyte recruitment

References

• Aguirre K, Havell E A, Gibson G W, Johnson L L. Role of tumor necrosis factor and gamma interferon in acquired resistance to Cryptococcus neoformans in the central nervous system of mice. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 1725–1731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkhatib G, Combadiere C, Broder C C, Feng Y, Kennedy P E, Murphy P M, Berger E A. CC CKR5: a RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HrV-1. Science 1996; 272: 1955–1958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barluzzi R, Mazzolla R, Brozzetti A, Puliti M, Mariucci G, Mosci P, Bistoni F, Blasi E. A low virulent strain of Candida albicans enhances brain anti-cryptococcal defenses: characterization of the local immune reaction by RT.-PCR and histochemical analysis. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 79: 37–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blasi E, Barluzzi R, Mazzolla R, Mosci P, Bistoni F. Experimental model of intracerebral infection with Cryptococcus neoformans: roles of phagocytes and opsonization. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 3682–3688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blasi E, Mazzolla R, Barluzzi R, Mosci P, Bistoni F. Anticryptococcal resistance in the mouse brain: beneficial effects of local administration of heat-inactivated yeast cells. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 3189–3196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonecchi R, Bianchi G, Bordignon P PDDA, Lang R, Borsatti A, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Gray P A, Mantovani A, Sinigaglia F. Differential expression of chemokine receptors and chemotactic responsiveness of type 1 T helper cells (Th1s) and Th2s. J Exp Med 1998; 187: 129–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casadevall A. Antibody immunity and invasive fungal infections. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 4211–4218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton R E, Hill C M, Davis C B, Peiper S C, Schall T J, Littman D R, Landau N R. Identification of a major coreceptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 1996; 381: 661–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond R D. Cryptococcus neoformans. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, G L Mandell, J E Bennett, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1995; 2331–2340
   Google Scholar
• Doyle H A, Murphy J W. MIP-1 alpha contributes to the anticryptococcal delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and protection against Cryptococcus neoformans. J Leukoc Biol 1997; 61: 147–155
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dragic T, Litwin V, Allaway G P, Martin S R, Huang Y, Nagashima K A, Cayanan C, Maddon P J, Koup R A, Moore J P, Paxton W A. HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC- CKR-5 ‘see comments’. Nature 1996; 381: 667–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill J O. CD4+ T cells cause multinucleated giant cells to form around Cryptococcus neoformans and confine the yeast within the primary site of infection in the respiratory tract. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 1685–1695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill J O, Aguirre K M. CD4+ T cell-dependent acquired state of immunity that protects the brain against Cryptococcus neoformans. J Immunol 1994; 152: 2344–2350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill J O, Harmsen A G. Intrapulmonary growth and dissemination of an avirulent strain of Cryptococcus neoformans in mice depleted of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 1991; 173: 755–758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoag K A, Street N E, Huffhagle G B, Lipscomb M F. Earlv cytokine production in pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infections distinguishes susceptible and resistant mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995; 13: 487–495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffnagle G B, Chen G H, Curtis J L, McDonald R A, Strieter R M, Toews G B. Down-regulation of the afferent phase of T cell-mediated pulmonary inflammation and immunity by a high melanin-producing strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Immunol 1995a; 155: 3507–3516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffnagle G B, Lipscomb M F. Cells and cytokines in pulmonary cryptococcosis. Res Immunol 1998; 149: 387–396
   Google Scholar
• Huffnagle G B, Lipscomb M F, Lovchik J A, Hoag K A, Street N E. The role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the protective inflammatory response to a pulmonary cryptococcal infection. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 55: 35–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffnagle G B, Strieter R M, McNeil L K, McDonald R A, Burdick M D, Kunkel S L, Toews G B. Macrophage inflammatory protein-lalpha (MlP-lalpha) is required for the efferent phase of pulmonary cell-mediated immunity to a Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J Immunol 1997; 159: 318–327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffnagle G B, Strieter R M, Standiford T J, McDonald R A, Burdick M D, Kunkel S L, Toews G B. The role of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the recruitment of monocytes and CD4+ T cells during a pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J Immunol 1995b; 155: 4790–4797
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huffnagle G B, Toews G B, Burdick M D, Boyd M B, McAllister K S, McDonald R A, Kunkel S L, Strieter R M. Afferent phase production of TNF-alpha is required for the development of protective T cell immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans. J Immunol 1996; 157: 4529–4536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffnagle G B, Yates J L, Lipscomb M F. Immunity to a pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 1991a; 173: 793–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffnagle G B, Yates J L, Lipscomb M F. T cell-mediated immunity in the lung: a Cryptococcus neoformans pulmonary infection model using SCID and athymic nude mice. Infect Immun 1991b; 59: 1423–1433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koike K, Sakamoto Y, Kiyama H, Masuhara K, Miyake A, Inoue M. Cytokine-induced neutrophil che-moattractant gene expression in the rat hypothalamus by osmotic stimulation. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1997; 52: 326–329
   Google Scholar
• Kozel T R. Activation of the complement system by the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Curr Top Med Mycol 1993; 5: 1–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunkel S L, Strieter R M, Lindley I J, Westwick J. Chemokines: new ligands, receptors and activities. Immunol Today 1995; 16: 559–561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwon-Chung K J, Polacheck I, Popkin T J. Melanin-lacking mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans and their virulence for mice. J Bacteriol 1982; 150: 1414–1421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S C, Dickson D W, Casadevall A. Pathology of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: analysis of 27 patients with pathogenetic implications. Hum Pathol 1996; 27: 839–847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitz S M, North E A. Lymphoproliferation and cytokine profiles in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by Cryptococcus neoformans. J Med Vet Mycol 1997; 35: 229–236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipovsky M M, Gekker G, Hu S, Ehrlich L C, Hoepelman A I, Peterson P K. Cryptococcal glucuronoxylo-mannan induces interleukin (IL)-8 production by human microglia but inhibits neutrophil migration toward IL-8. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 260–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loetscher P, Uguccioni M, Bordoli L, Baggiolini M, Moser B, Chizzolini C, Dayer J M. CCR5 is characteristic of Th1 lymphocytes ‘letter’. Nature 1998; 391: 344–345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin S, Rottman J B, Myers P, Kassam N, Weinblatt M, Loetscher M, Koch A E, Moser B, Mackay C R. The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 mark subsets of T cells associated with certain inflammatory reactions. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 746–754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retini C, Vecchiarelli A, Monari C, Tascini C, Bistoni F, Kozel T R. Capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans induces proinflammatory cytokine release by human neutrophils. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 2897–2903
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rottman J B, Ganley K P, Williams K, Wu L, Mackay C R, Ringler D J. Cellular localization of the chemokine receptor CCR5. Correlation to cellular targets of HIV-1 infection. Am f Pathol 1997; 151: 1341–1351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salas S D, Bennett J E, Kwon-Chung K J, Perfect J R, Williamson P R. Effect of the laccase gene CNLACl, on virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Exp Med 1996; 184: 377–386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkowski C A, Balish E. Pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans in congenitally immunodeficient beige athymic mice. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 3300–3306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson M, Labbe O, Mollereau C, Vassart G, Parmentier M. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a new human CC-chemokine receptor gene. Biochemistry 1996; 35: 3362–3367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchiarelli A, Retini C, Pietrella D, Monari C, Tascini C, Beccari T, Kozel T R. Downregulation by cryptococcal polysaccharide of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta secretion from human monocytes. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 2919–2923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar