Adverse Effects of Genito-urinary Infections with Particular Reference to Fertility and Pre-conceptional Care

References

• Dunlop EMC. Chlamydial Infection; Terminology, Disease and Treatment. Recent Advances in Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1980; 101–19
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Social Security. Sexually transmitted diseases. On the State of the Public Health: the Annual of the Chief Medical Officer of the DHSS for the Year 1978. HMSO, London 1980; 6
   Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians Committee on Genitourinary Medicine. Chlamydial diagnostic services. in the United Kingdom and Eire: current facilities and perceived needs. Genitourin Med 1987; 63: 371–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catterall RD. Biological effects of sexual freedom. Lancet 1981; i: 315–19
   Google Scholar
• Woolley PD, Kinghorn GR, Talbot MD. Microbiological flora in men with non-gonococcal urethritis with particular reference to anaerobic bacteria. Int J STD AIDS 1990; 1: 122–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woolley PD. Recent advances: rapid diagnosis of chlamydial infection. Br J Sexual Med 1992; 19: 4–5
   Google Scholar
• Schachter J, Stoner E, Moncada J. Screening for chlamydial infections in women attending family planning clinics. West J Med 1983; 138: 375–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunham RC, Paavonen J, Stevens CE. Mucopurulent cervicitis–the ignored counterpart in women and urethritis in men. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelin I, Wennström AM, Mådh PA. Contact tracing in patients with genital chlamydia] infection. Br J Vener Dis 1980; 56: 259–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batteiger BE, Jones RB. Chlamydial infections. Dis Clin North Am 1987; 1: 55–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schachter J. Why we need a program for the control of Chlamydia trachomatis. New Engl J Med 1989; 320: 802–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates W, Wasserheit JN. Genital chlamydial infections: epidemiology and reproductive sequelae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 1771–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltz GR, Linnemann CC, Brookman RR. Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infections in female adolescents. J Pediatr 1981; 98: 981–985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anglin TM, Brown RF, Kumar ML. Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent females. Pediatr Res 1981; 15: 440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington AE, Johnson RE, Sanders LL. Incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the United States: using reported Neisseria gonorrhoea as a surrogate. Chlamydial Infections, D Oriel, G Ridgway, J Schachter. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986; 487–90
   Google Scholar
• Oriel JD, Powis PA, Reeve P. Chlamydial infections of the cervix. Br J Vener Dis 1974; 50: 11–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rees E, Tait IA, Hobson D. Chlamydia in relation to cervical infection and pelvic inflammatory disease. Non-Gonococcal Urethritis and Related Infections, D Hobson, KK Holmes. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC 1977
   Google Scholar
• Paavonen J, Saikku P, Veterinen E. Genital chlamydial infections in patients attending a gynaecological outpatients clinic. Br J Vener Dis 1978; 54: 257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ripa K, Svenson L, Mårdh PH. Chlamydia trachomatis cervicits in gynecologic out-patients. Obstet Gynecol 1978; 52: 698–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arya OP, Mallinson H, Goddard AD. Epidemiological and clinical correlates of chlamydial infection of the cervix. Br J Vener Dis 1981; 57: 118–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mårdh PA, Möller BR, Ingerslew HJ. Endometritis caused by chlamydia trachomatis. Br J Vener Dis 1981; 57: 191–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eilard T, Brorsson JE, Hamark B. Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with acute salpingitis. Scand J Infect Dis 1976; 9: 82–5
   Google Scholar
• Mårdh PA, Ripa T, Svensson L. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with acute salpingitis. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1377–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet RL. Acute salpingitis: diagnosis and treatment. J Reprod Med 1977; 19: 21–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paavonen J, Saikku P, Vesterinen E. Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis. Br J Vener Dis 1979; 55: 203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trehane JD, Ripa KT, Mårdh P-A. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis. Br J Vener Dis 1979; 55: 26–29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paavonen J. Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 957–962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripa KT, Svensson L, Trehane JD. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with laparoscop-ically verified acute salpingitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 960–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet RL, Draper DL, Schachter J. Microbiology and pathogenesis of acute salpingitis as determined by laparoscopy: what is the appropriate site to sample?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 985–989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårdh P-A, Lind I, Svensson L. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Neisseria gonorrhoea on sera from patients with acute salpingitis. Br J Vener Dis 1981; 57: 125–129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweet RL, Draper DL, Hadley KW. Etiology of acute salpingitis: influence of episode and duration of symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 58: 62–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osser S, Persson K. Epidemiologic serodiagnostic aspects of chlamydial salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 206–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weström L, Mårdh P-A. Chlamydial salpingitis. Br Med Bull 1983; 39: 145–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowie WR., Jones H. Acute pelvic inflammatory disease in outpatients and associates with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95: 685–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller BR, Mårdh P-A, Akrons S. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Neisseria gonorrhoea in patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am Vener Dis Assoc 1981; 8: 198–208
   Google Scholar
• Gjonnaess H, Dalaker K, Anestad G. Pelvic inflammatory disease: etiologic studies with emphasis on chlamydial infection. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 550–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss TR, Hawkswell J. Evidence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with pelvic inflammatory disease: value of partner investigation. Fertil Steril 1986; 45: 429–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromer EA, Heald FP. Pelvic inflammatory disease associated with Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis: clinical correlates. Sex Transm Dis 1987; 14: 125–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunham RC, Binns B, Guijon F. Etiology and outcome of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 510–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott GR, Thompson C, Smith TW. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea in women with lower abdominal pain admitted to gynecology unit. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 473–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weström L. Incidence, prevalence and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequence to industrialized countries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 880–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paavonen J, Saikku P. Vesterinen E Infertility and cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1979; 58: 301–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punnonen R, Terho P, Nikkanen V. et al: Chlamydial serology in infertile women by immunofluorescence. Fertil Steril 1979; 31: 656–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor-Robinson I, Thomas BJ. The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in genital-tract and associated diseases. J Clin Pathol 1980; 33: 205–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry-Suchet J, Catalan F, Loffredo V. Microbiology of specimens obtained by laparoscopy from controls and form patients with pelvic inflammatory disease or infertility with tubal obstruction. Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 1022–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry-Suchet J, Loffredo V. Chlamydia and mycoplasma genital infection in salpingitis and tubal sterility. Lancet 1980; i: 539
   Google Scholar
• Moore DE, Foy HM, Wang SP. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis and tubal infertility. Fertil Steril 1980; 34: 303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard RC, Fehler HG, Duncan MO. Urethritis and associated infections in Johannesburgh–the role of Chlamydia trachomatis. Afr J Sex Transm Dis 1981; 1: 24–6
   Google Scholar
• Cevenini R, Possati G, LaPlaca M. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infertile women. Chlamydial Infections, P-A Mårdh, KK Holmes, DJ Oriel. Elsevier Biochemical Press, Amsterdam 1982; 189–92
   Google Scholar
• Jones RB, Ardery BR, Hui SL. Correlation between serum antichlamydial antibodies and tubal factor as a cause of infertility. Fertil Steril 1982; 38: 553–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore DE, Sapdoni LR, Fay HM. Increased frequency of serum antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in infertility due to distal tube disease. Lancet 1982; ii: 574–7
   Google Scholar
• Gump DW, Gibson M, Ashikaga T. Evidence of prior pelvic inflammatory disease and its relationship to Chlamydia trachomatis antibody and intrauterine contraceptive device use in infertile women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 146: 153–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battin DA, Barnes RB, Hoffman DI. Chlamydia trachomatis is not an important cause of abnormal postcoital tests in ovulating patients. Fertil Steril 1984; 42: 233–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway D, Glazener CMA, Caul EO. Chlamydial serology in fertile and infertile women. Lancet 1984; i: 191–3
   Google Scholar
• Kane JL, Woodland RM, Forsey T. Evidence of chlamydial infection in infertile women with and without Fallopian tube obstruction. Fertil Steril 1984; 42: 832–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padjen A, Nash LD, Fiscelli T. The relationship between chlamydial antibodies and involuntary infertility. Fertil Steril 1984; 41: 975–985
   Google Scholar
• Brunham RC, MacLean IW, Binns B. et al: Chlamydia trachomatis: its role in tubal infertility. J Infect Dis 1985; 152: 1275–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller PR, Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Serological evidence that chlamydia and mycoplasmas are involved in infertility of women. J Reprod Fertil 1985; 73: 237–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guderian AM, Trobough GE. Residues of pelvic inflammatory disease in intrauterine device users: a result of intrauterine device or Chlamydia trachomatis infection?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154: 497–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawes LA, Gilbert GL. Seroepidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infertile women in Melbourne. Med J Aust 1986; 45: 497–9
   Google Scholar
• Anestad G, Lunde O, Moem M. Infertility and chlamydial infection. Fertil Steril 1987; 48: 787–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn PA, Petric M, Barkin M. Prevalence of antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis in spontaneous abortion and infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 291–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellors JW, Mahony JB, Chernesky MA. Tubal factor infertility: an association with prior chlamydial infection and asymptomatic salpingitis. Fertil Steril 1988; 49: 451–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelver ME, Ngamani M. Chlamydial serology in women with tubal infertility. Int J Fertil 1989; 43: 42–5
   Google Scholar
• Reniers J, Collet M, Frost E. Chlamydial antibodies and tubal infertility. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 261–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates W, Rolfs RT, Aral SO. Sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility: an epidemiologic update. Epidemiol Rev 1990; 12: 199–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minassian SS, Wu CH, Jungkind D. Chlamydial antibody as determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in tubal factor infertility. J Reprod Med 1990; 35: 141–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson L, Mårdh P-A, Ahlgren M. Ectopic pregnancy and antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis. Fertil Steril 1985; 44: 313–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunham RC, Binns B, McDowell J. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 67: 722–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartford SL, Silva PD, DiZehera GS. Serologic evidence of prior chlamydial infection in patients with tubal ectopic pregnancy and contralateral tubal disease. Fertil Steril 1987; 47: 118–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters MD, Eddy CA, Gibbs RS. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and the risk of tubal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 942–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaim W, Sarov B, Sarov I. Serum IgG and IgA antibodies to chlamydia in ectopic pregnancies. Contraception 1989; 40: 59–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow JM, Yonekura ML, Richwald GA. The association between Chlamydia trachomatis and ectopic pregnancy: a matched-pair, case-control study. JAMA 1990; 263: 3164–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shermark I, Daling J, Stergachis A. Sexually transmitted disease and tubal pregnancy. Sex Trans Dis 1990; 17: 115–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin DH, Koutsky L, Eschenbach DA. Prematurity and perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by maternal Chlamydia trachomatis infections. JAMA 1982; 247: 1585–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson S, Lopez B, Wong KH. A prospective study of chlamydia and mycoplasma infections during pregnancy: relation to pregnancy outcome and maternal morbidity. Chlamydial Infections, P-A Mårdh, KK Holmes, JD Oriel. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 1982; 155–8
   Google Scholar
• Harrison HR. The current status of the diagnosis of chlamydial respiratory infections. Clin Lab Med 1982; 2: 371–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willcox JR, Fisk PG, Barrow J. The need for a chlamydial culture service. Br J Vener Dis 1979; 55: 281–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison HR, Alexander ER, Weinstein L. The epidemiology and effect of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasmal infections during pregnancy. JAMA 1983; 250: 1721–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heggie AD, Lumicao GG, Stuart LA. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in mothers and infants. Am J Dis Child 1981; 135: 507–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander ER, Chandler JW, Pheiffer TA. Prospective study of perinatal Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Nongonococcal urethritis and related infections, DC Hobson, KK Holmes. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC 1977; 148
   Google Scholar
• Chandler JW, Alexander ER, Pheiffer TA. Opthalmia neonatorum associated with maternal chlamydial infection. Trans Am Acad Opthalmol Otolaryngol 1977; 83: 302–8
   Google Scholar
• Schachter J. Chlamydia infections. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 428–35, 490–5, 540–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frommell GT, Rothenberg R, Wang SP. Chlamydial infection of mothers and their infants. J Pediatr 1979; 95: 28–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerschlag MR, Anderka M, Semine DZ. Prospective study of maternal and infantile infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Pediatrics 1979; 64: 142–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter J, Grossman M, Holt J. Prospective study of chlamydial infections in neonates. Lancet 1979; ii: 377–80
   Google Scholar
• Schachter J, Grossman M, Holt J. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis: involvement of multiple anatomic sites in neonates. J Infect Dis 1979; 139: 232–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer C, Harrison R, Boyce T. Illnesses in infants born to women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Am J Dis Child 1985; 139: 127–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dawson CR, Schachter J. TRIC agent infections of the eye and genital tract. Am J Opthalmol 1967; 63: 1288–98
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuher M, Naib MD. Cytology of TRIC agent infection of the eye of newborn infants and their mothers' genital tracts. Acta Cytol 1970; 14: 390–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees E, Tait IA, Hobson D. Neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis. Br J Vener Dis 1977; 53: 173–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rees E, Tait IA, Hobson D. Persistence of chlamydial infection after treatment for neonatal conjunctivitis. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 193–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson CR. Eye disease with chlamydial infections. Chlamydial Infections, D Oriel, G Ridgway, J Schachter. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986; 135–44
   Google Scholar
• Jones BR, Al-Hussaini MK, Dunlop EMC. Infection of the eye and genital tract by TRIC agent, III Ocular syndromes associated with infection of the genital tract by TRIC agent. Rev Int Trach 1965; 42: 27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson PG, Gaidner D. TRIC agent as a cause of neonatal eye sepsis. B M J 1968; 3: 527
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster RK, Dawson CR, Schachter J. Late follow-up of patients with neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis. Am J Opthalmol 1970; 69: 467
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schachter J, Lum L, Gooding CA. Pneumonitis following inclusion blennorrhea. J Pediat 1975; 87: 779–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beem MO, Saxon EM. Respiratory tract colonization and a distinctive pneumonia syndrome in infants infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 306–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frommell GT, Bruhn FW, Schwatzman DJ. Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis in infant lung tissues. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1150–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipple MA, Saxon EM, Radkowski MA. Clinical characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia. Pediat Res 1977; 11: 508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arth C, Von Schmidt B, Grossman M. Chlamydial pneumonitis. J Pediat 1978; 93: 447–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Embil JA, Ozere RL, MacDonald SW. Chlamydia trachomatis and pneumonia in infants: report of two cases. Can Med Assoc J 1978; 119: 1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerschlag MR. Chlamydial pneumonia in infants. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg A, Mårdh P-A, Persson K. Pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in an infant. Acta Paediatr Scand 1979; 68: 765–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison HR, English MG, Lee CK. Chlamydia trachomatis infant pneumonitis: comparison with matched controls and other infant pneumonitis. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 702–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison HR, Taussing LM, Fulginitis V. Chlamydia trachomatis and chronic respiratory disease in children. Pediat Infect Dis 1982; 1: 29–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tipple MA, Beem MO, Saxon EM. Clinical characteristics of the afebrile pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infants of less than six months of age. Pediatrics 1979; 63: 192–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerschlag MR, Hammerschlag PE, Alexander ER. The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in middle ear effusion in children. Pediatrics 1980; 66: 615–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang MJ, Rodriquez WD, Mohla C. Chlamydia trachomatis in otitis media. Pediat Infect Dis 1982; 1: 95–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schachter J, Dawson CR. Is trachoma an ocular component of a more generalized chlamydial infection?. Lancet 1979; i: 702–3
   Google Scholar
• Mårdh P-A. Medical Chlamydiology–A Position Paper. Scand J Infect Dis (Suppl) 1982; 32: 3–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunlop EMC, Waughan-Jackson JD, Darougar S. Chlamydial infection: incidence in 'nonspecific' urethritis. Br J Vener Dis 1972; 48: 425–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holmes KK, Hansfield HH, Wang SP. Etiology of non-gonococcal urethritis. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 1199–2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oriel JD, Reeve P, Wright JT. Chlamydial infection in male urethra. Br J Vener Dis 1976; 52: 46–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alani MD, Darougar S, Mac D. Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from the male urethra. Br J Vener Dis 1977; 53: 88–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowie WR, Wang SP, Alexander ER. Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis: evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. J Clin Invest 1977; 59: 735–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs NF, Arum ES, Krauss SJ. Nongonococcal urethritis: the role of Chlamydia trachomatis. Ann Int Med 1977; 86: 313–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waughan-Jackson JD, Dunlop EMC, Darougar S. Urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis. Br J Vener Dis 1977; 53: 180–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong JL, Hines PA, Brasher MD. The etiology of nongonococcal urethritis in men attending a venereal disease clinic. J Am Vener Dis Assoc 1977; 4: 4–8
   Google Scholar
• Berger RE, Alexander ER, Monda GD. Chlamydia trachomatis as a cause of acute 'idiopathic' epididymitis. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 301–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierroud HM, Miedzbrodzka K. Chlamydial infection of the urethra in men. Br J Vener Dis 1978; 54: 45–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stamm WE, Koutsky LA, Benedetti JK, Jourden JL. et al: Chlamydia trachomatis urethral infections in men: prevalence, risk factors and clinical manifestations. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 47–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terho P. Chlamydia trachomatis in nonspecific urethritis. Br J Vener Dis 1978; 54: 251–256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stamm WE., Cole B. Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis 1986; 13: 163–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suominen J, Gronroos M, Terho P. Chronic prostatitis, Chlamydia trachomatis and infertility. Int J Androl 1983; 6: 405–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs RS. Microbiology of the female genital tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 491–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun P, Lee YH, Klein JO. Birth weight and genital mycoplasmas in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1971; 284: 167–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick WM, Rosner B, Lee YH. Colonization with genital mycoplasmas in women. Am J Epidemiol 1973; 97: 240–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shurin PA, Albert S, Rosner B. Chorioamnionitis and colonization of the newborn infant with genital mycoplasmas. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 5–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison RF, Hurley R, de Louvois J. Genital mycoplasmas and birth weight in offspring of primigravid women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 133: 201–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JM, Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D. The effect of genital mycoplasmas on human growth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 88: 749–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Embree JE, Krause VW, Embil JA. Placental infection with Mycoplasma hominis and Urea-plasma urealyticum: clinical correlation. Obstet Gynecol 1980; 56: 475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudsin RB, Driscoll SG, Pelletier PA. Ureaplasma urealyticum incriminated in perinatal morbidity and mortality. Science 1981; 213: 474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn PA., Shewchuck MD, Shuber J. Serologic evidence of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in women with spontaneous pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145: 245–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudsin RB, Driscoll SG. Mycoplasmas and human reproductive failure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1970; 131: 89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friberg J., Gnarpe I. Mycoplasma in human reproductive failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 116: 23–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevison J. Peport on Genitourinary Infection. Foresight, Godalming
   Google Scholar
• Young H, Moyes A, Lough H. Preliminary evaluation of 'Clearview Chlamydia' for the rapid detection of chlamydial antigen in cervical secretions. Genitourin Med 1991; 67: 120–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott GR, Thompson C, Smith IW. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea in women with lower abdominal pain admitted to gynaecology unit. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 473–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb AMC, Chandick S. Women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. B M J 1989; 299: 1527
   Google Scholar
• Longhurst HJ, Flower F, Thomas BJ. A simple method for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1987; 37: 255–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison N, Smith IW, Young H. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in sexually active women with no known sexual contacts with urethritis. Scot Med J 1989; 34: 464–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southgate LJ, Treharne JD, Forsey T. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea infections in women attending inner city general practices. B M J 1983; 287: 879–881
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinghorn GR, Waugh MA. Oral contraceptive use and prevalence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in women. Br J Vener Dis 1981; 57: 187–190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Louv WC, Austin H, Perlman J. Oral contraceptive use and the risk of chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 396–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldacre MJ, London N, Watt B. Epidemiology and clinical significance of cervical erosion in women attending family planning clinic. B M J 1978; 1: 748–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schachter J, Stoner E, Moncada J. Screening for chlamydial infections in women attending family planning clinics. West J Med 1983; 138: 375–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCormack WM, Rosner B, McComb DE. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in female college students. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121: 107–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller Br., Ahrons S., Laurin J. Pelvic infection after elective abortion associated with Chlamydia trachomatis. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 210–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westergaard L, Philipson T, Scheibel J. Significance of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in postabortal pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 60: 322–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovigstad E, Skang K, Jerve F. Pelvic inflammatory disease associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection after therapeutic abortion. Br J Vener Dis 1983; 59: 189–192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osser J, Persson K. Post-abortal pelvic infection associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and the influence of humoral immunity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150: 699–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbacci MB, Spence MR, Kappus EW. Post-abortal endometritis and isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 68: 686–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southgate LJ, Treharne JD, Williams R. Detection and treatment and follow-up of women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection seeking abortion in inner city general practices. B M J 1989; 299: 1136–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandler B. Lactobillus for vulvovaginitis (Letter). Lancet 1979; ii: 792
   Google Scholar
• Salles AA, Amaral ALP, Sousa CLG. O tratamento complementar das leucorreias persistentes pela lactobaciloterapia. J Bras Ginec 1980; 90: 27–30
   Google Scholar
• Barnes B, Bradley SG. Planning for a Healthy Baby. Ebury Press, London 1990; 147–8
   Google Scholar
• Hilton E, Isenberg HD, Alperstein P. Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus as prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis. Ann Int Med 1992; 116: 353–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison RH. Drug-nutrient interactions. Yearbook of Nutritional Medicine, J Bland. Keats Publishing, New Canaan 1984–85; 93–112, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Davies S. Zinc, nutrition and health. 1984–85; Yearbook of Nutritional Medicine, J Bland. Keats Publishing, New Canaan 1985; 113–52
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham-Rundles S, Cunningham-Rundles WF. Zinc modulation of immune response. Nutrition and Immunology. Alan R. Liss, New York 1988; 197–214
   Google Scholar