Haemostatic and metabolic impact of estradiol pills and drospirenone-containing ethinylestradiol pills vs. levonorgestrel-containing ethinylestradiol pills: A literature review

REFERENCES

• van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: Results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ 2009;339:b2921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: Meta-analysis. BMJ 2001;323:131–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick SS, Hernandez RK. Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel: Case-control study using United States claims data. BMJ 2011;342:d2151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchaikovski SN, Rosing J. Mechanisms of estrogen-induced venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2010; 126:5–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drife J. Oral contraception and the risk of thromboembolism: What does it mean to clinicians and their patients? Drug Saf 2002;25:893–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidegaard Ø, Løkkegaard E, Svendsen AL, et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow up study. BMJ 2009:339:b2890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: Results of international multicentre case-control study. Lancet 1995;346:1575–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zöller B, García de Frutos P, Hillarp A, et al. Thrombophilia as a multigenic disease. Haematologica 1999;84:59–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kottke-Marchant K. The role of coagulation in arterial and venous thrombosis. In Askari AT and Lincoff AM eds. Contemporary cardiology: Antithrombotic drug therapy in cardiovascular disease. Heidelberg, London, New York: Humana Press 2010:19–38.
   Google Scholar
• Hannaford PC. Epidemiology of the contraceptive pill and venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2011;127: S30–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson FA Jr, Spencer FA. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003;107(23 Suppl. 1): I9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezemer ID, van der Meer FJ, Eikenboom JC, et al. The value of family history as a risk indicator for venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:610–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehlendorf C, Levy K, Kelley A, et al. Women's preferences for contraceptive counseling and decision making. Contraception 2013;88:250–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guideline on clinical investigation of steroid contraceptives in women. London: European Medicines Agency. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. EMEA/CPMP/EWP/519/98 Rev 1.
   Google Scholar
• Ahrendt HJ, Makalová D, Parke S, et al. Bleeding pattern and cycle control with an estradiol-based oral contraceptive: A seven-cycle, randomized comparative trial of estradiol valerate/dienogest and ethinyl estradiol/ levonorgestrel. Contraception 2009;80:436–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Accessed on 26 May 2014 from: www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code = G03AA14
   Google Scholar
• Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Mannucci PM. Thrombotic risk factors: Basic pathophysiology. Crit Care Med 2010;38(2 Suppl.):S3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versteeg HH, Heemskerk JWM, Levi M, et al. New fundamentals in hemostasis. Physiol Rev 2013;93:327–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Bruhl ML, Stark K, Steinhart A, et al. Monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets cooperate to initiate and propagate venous thrombosis in mice in vivo. J Exp Med 2012;209:819–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabbert-Buffet N, Gerris J, Jamin C, et al. Toward a new concept of ‘natural balance’ in oral estroprogestin contraception. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013;29:891–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R, Nath A. Metabolic effects of contraceptive steroids. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011;12:63–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rott H. Contraception, venous thrombosis and biological plausibility. Minerva Med 2013;104:161–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler UH. Blood coagulation and oral contraceptives. A critical review. Contraception 1998;57:203–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odlind V, Milsom I, Persson I, et al. Can changes in sex hormone binding globulin predict the risk of venous thromboembolism with combined oral contraceptive pills? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002;81:482–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariëns RA, de Lange M, Snieder H, et al. Activation markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in twins: Heritability of the prethrombotic state. Lancet 2002;359:667–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pabinger I, Ay C. Biomarkers and venous thromboembolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:332–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanczyk FZ, Archer DF, Bhavnani BR. Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment. Contraception 2013;87:706–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker WA. Estrogen-induced pancreatitis. Clin Pharm 1983;2:75–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee J, Goldberg IJ. Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis created by oral estrogen and in vitro fertilization ovulation induction. J Clin Lipidol 2008;2(1):63–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspard UJ. Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:1029–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss RM, Burkman RT Jr. The metabolic impact of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1177–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taneepanichskul S, Phupong V. Influence of a new oral contraceptive with drospirenone on lipid metabolism. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007;23:347–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ågren UM, Anttila M, Mäenpää-Liukko K, et al. Effects of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol compared with one containing levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol on haemostasis, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2011;16:444–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R. Progestins and cardiovascular risk markers. Steroids 2000;65:651–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godsland IF, Crook D, Simpson R, et al. The effects of different formulations of oral contraceptive agents on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1375–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnacci A, Ferrari S, Tirelli A, et al. Insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism with oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate or desogestrel: A randomized trial. Contraception 2009;79:111–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird DT, Glasier AF. Hormonal contraception. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1543–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Benefits of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) continue to outweigh risk — CHMP endorses PRAC recommendation. EMA/709120/2013. London: European Medicines Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Winkler UH. Hemostatic effects of third- and second-generation oral contraceptives: Absence of a causal mechanism for a difference in risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 2000;62(2 Suppl.):11S–20S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middeldorp S, Meijers JC, van den Ende AE, et al. Effects on coagulation of levonorgestrel- and desogestrel- containing low dose oral contraceptives: A cross-over study. Thromb Haemost 2000;84:4–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tans G, Curvers J, Middeldorp S, et al. A randomized cross-over study on the effects of levonorgestrel- and desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives on the anticoagulant pathways. Thromb Haemost 2000;84:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi RE, Paoletti AM, Volpe A, et al. Multinational, multicentre, randomised, open-label study evaluating the impact of a 91-day extended regimen combined oral contraceptive, compared with two 28-day traditional combined oral contraceptives, on haemostatic parameters in healthy women. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2014;19:285–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oral Contraceptive and Hemostasis Study Group. The effects of seven monophasic oral contraceptive regimens on hemostatic variables: Conclusions from a large randomized multicenter study. Contraception 2003; 67:173–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jespersen J, Endrikat J, Düsterberg B, et al. A 1-year study to compare the hemostatic effects of oral contraceptive containing 20 microg of ethinylestradiol and 100 microg of levonorgestrel with 30 microg of ethinylestradiol and 100 microg of levonorgestrel. Contraception 2005;72: 98–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CPMP public assessment report. Combined oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism. London: European Medicines Agency. Committee for Medicinal Products (CPMP). EMEA/CPMP/2201/01/en/Final.
   Google Scholar
• de Bastos M, Stegeman BH, Rosendaal FR, et al. Combined oral contraceptives: Venous thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;3:CD010813.
   Google Scholar
• Klipping C, Marr J. Effects of two combined oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol 20 microg combined with either drospirenone or desogestrel on lipids, hemostatic parameters and carbohydrate metabolism. Contraception 2005;71:409–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klipping C, Duijkers I, Parke S, et al. Hemostatic effects of a novel estradiol-based oral contraceptive: An open-label, randomized, crossover study of estradiol valerate/dienogest versus ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel. Drugs R D 2011;11:159–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Junge W, Mellinger U, Parke S, et al. Metabolic and haemostatic effects of estradiol valerate/dienogest, a novel oral contraceptive: A randomized, open-label, single-centre study. Clin Drug Investig 2011;31: 573–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaussem P, Alhenc-Gelas M, Thomas JL, et al. Haemostatic effects of a new combined oral contraceptive, nomegestrol acetate/17β-estradiol, compared with those of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. A double-blind, randomised study. Thromb Haemost 2011;105:560–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegratz I, Lee JH, Kutschera E, et al. Effect of dienogest-containing oral contraceptives on lipid metabolism. Contraception 2002;65:223–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krintus M, Sypniewska G, Kuligowska-Prusinska M. Effect of second and third generation oral contraceptives on C-reactive protein, lipids and apolipoproteins in young, non-obese, non-smoking apparently healthy women. Clin Biochem 2010;43:626–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endrikat J, Klipping C, Cronin M, et al. An open label, comparative study of the effects of a dose-reduced oral contraceptive containing 20 microg ethinyl estradiol and 100 microg levonorgestrel on hemostatic, lipids, and carbohydrate metabolism variables. Contraception 2002; 65:215–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oelkers W, Foidart JM, Dombrovicz N, et al. Effects of a new oral contraceptive containing an antimineralocorticoid progestogen, drospirenone, on the renin-aldosterone system, body weight, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and lipid metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:1816–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R. Pharmacology of different progestogens: The special case of drospirenone. Climacteric 2005; (8 Suppl. 3):4–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godsland IF, Walton C, Felton C, et al. Insulin resistance, secretion, and metabolism in users of oral contraceptives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:64–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopp RH, Broyles FE, Cheung M, et al. Comparison of the lipoprotein, carbohydrate, and hemostatic effects of phasic oral contraceptives containing desogestrel or levonorgestrel. Contraception 2001;63:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergink EW, Kloosterboer HJ, Lund L, et al. Effects of levonorgestrel and desogestrel in low-dose oral contraceptive combinations on serum lipids, apolipoproteins A-I and B and glycosylated proteins. Contraception 1984;30:61–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song S, Chen JK, Yang PJ, et al. A cross-over study of three oral contraceptives containing ethinyloestradiol and either desogestrel or levonorgestrel. Contraception 1992;45:523–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall D. The sociology of risk and social demographic change. PSC Discussion Papers Series2001;15:1–12. Available at: http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/pscpapers/vol15/iss12/1.
   Google Scholar
• Dhont M. History of oral contraception. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2010;15:S12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronich N, Lavi I, Rennert G. Higher risk of venous thrombosis associated with drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives: A population-based cohort study. CMAJ 2011;183:E1319–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batur P, Elder J, Mayer M. Update on contraception: Benefits and risks of the new formulations. Cleve Clin J Med 2003;70:668–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R. Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas 2008;61:151–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aye MM, Kilpatrick ES, Aburima A, et al. Acute hypertriglyceridemia induces platelet hyperactivity that is not attenuated by insulin in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3:e000706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vliet HA, Rosendaal FR, Rosing J, et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin: An adequate surrogate marker for venous thromboembolism in women using new hormonal contraceptives. Contraception 2009;79:328–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco-Molina MA, Lozano M, Cano A, et al. Progestin-only contraception and venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2012;129:e257–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashchak CA, Lobo RA, Dozono-Takano R, et al. Comparison of pharmacodynamic properties of various estrogen formulations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144: 511–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vliet HA, Frolich M, Christella M, et al. Association between sex hormone-binding globulin levels and activated protein C resistance in explaining the risk of thrombosis in users of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens. Hum Reprod 2005;20:563–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, et al. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas 2008;61:171–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelingh Benninck HJT. Are all estrogens the same? Maturitas 2008;61:195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, et al. Venous thrombosis in users of non-oral hormonal contraception: Follow-up study, Denmark 2001–10. BMJ 2012;344:e2990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantha S, Karp R, Raghavan V, et al. Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: A meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;345:e4944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lello S. Nomegestrol acetate: pharmacology, safety profile and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 2010;70:541–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitzer J, Amy JJ, Beerthuizen R, et al. Statement on combined hormonal contraceptives containing third- or fourth-generation progestogens or cyproterone acetate, and the associated risk of thromboembolism. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2013;39:156–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar