Global assessment of psychosocial functioning and predictors of outcome in schizophrenia

References

• Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, McGrath J. A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med 2005; 2(5):e141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ustun TB, Rehm J, Chatterji S, Saxena S, Trotter R, Room R, Bickenbach J, and the WHO/NIH Joint Project CAR Study Group. Multiple-informant ranking of the disabling effects of different health conditions in 14 countries. Lancet 1999;10:111–15.
   Google Scholar
• Cuffel BJ, Alford J, Fischer EP, Owen RR. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and outpatient treatment adherence. J Nerv Ment Dis 1996;184:653–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraepelin E. Psychiatry. A textbook for students and physicians, Vol. 2. Canton: Science History Publications; 1899.
   Google Scholar
• Harris MJ, Jeste VJ. Late-onset schizophrenia: An overview. Schizophr Bull 1988;14:39–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle DJ, Murray RM. The epidemiology of late-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1993;19:691–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öngür D, Lin L, Cohen BM. Clinical characteristics influencing age at onset in psychotic Disorders. Comp Psychiatry 2009;50:13–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honga J, Windmeijerc F, Novickb D, Harod JM, Brown J. The cost of relapse in patients with schizophrenia in the European SOHO (Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes) study. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33:835–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, Laska E, Dube KC, Ganev C, . Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15- and 25-year international follow-up study. Br J Psychiatr 2001; 178:506–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciompi L. The natural history of schizophrenia in the long term. Br J Psychiatr 1980;136:413–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding CM, Brooks GW, Ashikaga T, Strauss JS, Breier A. The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, II: Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:727–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer A. Another triumph of hope over experience: Revisiting…treatment of the patient with long-term schizophrenia. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2005;11:277–85.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey PD, Howanitz JM, Parrella M, White L, Powchik P, Davidson M, . Cognitive decline in late-life schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of geriatric chronically hospitalized patients. Biol Psychiatr 1999:45:32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma T, Harvey P. Cognition in schizophrenia: impairments: importance, and treatment strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Priebe S. Social outcomes in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2007;50(Suppl):15–20.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen NC, Carpenter WT, Kane JM, Lasser SR . Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:441–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (the WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med 1995;41:1403–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endicott J, Spitzer R, Fleiss J, . The Global Assessment Scale: a procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1976;33:766–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piersma HL, Boes JL. The GAF and psychiatric outcome: a descriptive report. Comm Men Health J 1997;33:35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriearty P, Bogdanich R, Dexter N, . Incorporating results of a provider attitudes survey in development of an assessment program. Am J Med Quality 1999;14:178–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shea T. Core Battery Conference: Assessment of Change in Personality Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson DG, Woerner MG, McMeniman M, Mendelowitz A, Bilder RM. Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatr 2004;161:473–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loebel AD, Lieberman JA, Alvir JM, Mayerhoff DI, Geisler SH, Szymanski SR. Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1183–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow TJ, MacMillan JF, Johnson AL, Johnstone EC. A randomised controlled trial of prophylactic neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psychiatry 1986;148:120–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt, RJ. Early intervention for schizophrenia: Can the course of the illness be altered? Biol Psychiatry 1995;38:1:1–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buchsbaum MS, Hazlett E. Functional brain imaging and aging in schizophrenia Schizophr Res 1997;27:129–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hietala J, Cannon TD, van Erp M, Syvälahti E, Vilkman H, Laakso A, . Regional brain morphology and duration of illness in never-medicated first-episode patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003;64:79–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho B-C, Andreasen N, Nopoulos P, Arndt S, Magnotta V, Flaum M. Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:585–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein PC, Brown GG, Marcus A, Ewing JR. Effects of age, neuropsychological impairment, and medication on regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia and major affective disorder. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1990;38: 202–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schultz SK, Daniel MD, O'Leary S, Boles-Ponto LL, Arndt S, Magnotta V, . Age and regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 2002;14:19–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapur S, Remington G. Serotonin-dopamine interaction and its relevance to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatr 1996;153: 466–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch CE, Morgan DG. RNA and protein metabolism in the aging brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 1990;13:75–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan DG, Marcusson JO, Nyberg P, Wester P, Winbald B, Gordon MN, . Divergent changes in D-1 and D-2 dopamine binding sites in human brain during aging. Neurobiol Aging 1987;3:195–201.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey PD, Parella M, White L, Mohs RC, Davidson D, Davis KL. Convergence of cognitive and adaptive decline in late-life schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1999;35:77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer BW, Bondi MW, Twamley EW, Thal M, Golshan S, Jeste DV. Late-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders neurodegenerative conditions? Annual rates of change on two dementia measures. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurol 2003; 15:45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane JM. Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatr 1999;46:1396–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisook S, Heaton R, Moranville J, Kuck J, Jernigan T, Braff D. Past substance abuse and clinical course of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:552–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertz L. Is Alzheimer's disease anterograde degeneration, originating in the brainstem, and disrupting metabolic and functional interactions between neurons and glial cells? Brain Res Rev 1989;4:335–53.
   Google Scholar
• Cutler, D. Community residential options for the chronically mentally ill. Comm Men Health J 1986:22:61–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kavanagh DJ. Recent developments in expressed emotion and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatr 1992;160:601–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyck DG, Short RA, Hendry MS, . Management of negative symptoms among patients with schizophrenia attending multiple-family groups. Psychiatr Serv 2000;51: 513–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekkala E, Merinder L. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Library 2001:4. Oxford: Update Software.
   Google Scholar
• Häfner H, Maurer K, Ruhrmann S, Bechdolf A, Klosterkotter J, Wagner M, . Early detection and secondary prevention of psychosis: facts and visions. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurol 2004;254:117–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman LS, Harrow M, Rosen C, Faull R. Sex differences in outcome and recovery for schizophrenia and other psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2006;57: 844–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usall J, Ochoa S, Araya S, Márquez M, NEDES Group. Gender differences and outcome in schizophrenia: a 2-year follow-up study in a large community sample. Eur Psychiatry 2003;6:282–84.
   Google Scholar
• Piersma HL, Boes JL. The GAF and psychiatric outcome: a descriptive report. Comm Ment Health J 1997;33:35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman M, Dequardo JR, Tandon R, Taylor SF, Jibson M. Symptom correlates of global measures of severity in schizophrenia. Comp Psychiatry 1999;40:458–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howes JL, Haworth H, Reynolds P, . Outcome evaluation of a short-term mental health day treatment program. Can J Psychiatry 1997;42:502–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phelan M, Wykes T, Goldman H. Global function scales. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1994;29:205–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SH, Thornicroft G, Coffey M, Dunn G. A brief mental health outcome scale: reliability and validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Br J Psychiatry 1995;166:654–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos RH, McCoy L, Moos BS. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) ratings: determinants and role as predictors of one year treatment outcomes. J Clin Psychol 2000;56:449–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy-Byrne P, Dagadakis C, Unutzer J, Ries R. Evidence for limited validity of the revised Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Psychiatr Ser 1996;47:864–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schorre BEH, Vandvik IH. Global assessment of psychosocial functioning in child and adolescent psychiatry: a review of three unidimensional scales (CGAS, GAF, GAPD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;13:273–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar