72
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The anhedonias: Clinical and neurobiological aspects

&
Pages 157-171 | Received 20 May 1998, Accepted 06 Jul 1998, Published online: 12 Jul 2009

References

  • Ribot T. The Psychology of Emotions. W. Scott, London 1897
  • Berrios G E, Olivares J M. The anhedonias: a conceptual history. Hist Psychiatry 1995; 6: 453–70
  • Olivares J M. Análisis histórico del concepto de anhedonia. Acta Psiquiatr Psicol Am Lat 1995; 41: 148–61
  • Olivares J M. Anhedonía: una revisión conceptual. Rev Asoc Espoñ Neuropsiquiatria 1995; 52: 9–24
  • Olivares J M. Aspectos clinicos y neurobiológicos de la anhedonia. Psiquis 1995; 16: 32–40
  • Olivares J M. La formación del síntoma anhedonia. Maristán 1995; IV: 25–31
  • Clouston T S. Clinical lectures in mental diseases. Churchill, London. 1887; 37
  • Snaith P. Anhedonia: a neglected symptom of psychopathology. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 957–66
  • Cohen R. Das Anhedonie-Konzept in der Schizophrenie-Forschung. Nervenarzt 1989; 60: 313–7
  • Loas G, Pierson A. L'anhedonie en psychiatrie: revue. Ann. Méd-psychol 1989; 147: 705–17
  • American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(3rd edn). APA, Washington DC. 1980
  • World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. WHO, Geneva 1992
  • Rado S. Psychoanalysis of behaviour: Collected papers. Grime & Stratum, New York. 1956; (2 vols)
  • Rado S, Daniels G. Changing concepts of psychoanalytic medicine. Grune & Stratton, New York. 1956
  • Rado S. Theory and therapy: The theory of schizotypal organization and its application to the treatment of descompensated schizotypal behaviour. The outpatient treatment of schizophrenia, S C Scher, H R Davis. Grune & Stratton, New York. 1960
  • Meehl P E. Schizotaxia, schizotypia, schizophrenia. Am Psychol 1962; 17: 827–38
  • Meehl P E. Genes and the unchangeable core. Voices 1974; 10: 25–35
  • Meehl P E. Anger, anhedonia and the borderline syndrome. Am J Psychoanal 1975; 35: 157–61
  • Meehl P E. “Hedonic capacity” ten years later: some clasifications. Anhedonia and affect deficit states, D C Clark, J Fawcett. PMA Publishing, New York 1987
  • Klein D F. Endogenomorphic depression. A conceptual and terminological revision. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974; 31: 447–54
  • Klein D F, Gittelman R, Quitkin F, et al. Diagnosis and drug treatment of psychiatric disorder: Adults and children. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1980
  • Klein D F. Depression and anhedonia. Anhedonia and ajffect deficit states, D C Clark, J Fawcett. PMA Publishing, New York. 1987
  • Watson C G, Klett W G, Lorei T W. Toward an operational definition of anhedonia. Psychol Rep 1970; 26: 371–6
  • Watson C G. Relationships of anhedonia to physiological reactivity and threshold. Psychol Rep 1972; 31: 43–6
  • Watson C G. Relationships of anhedonia to learning under various contingencies. J Abnorm Psychol 1972; 80: 43–8
  • Watson C G. Anhedonia as a function of non-affective interpretation of ambiguous stimuli and threshold for affective and neutral stimuli. J Clin Psychol 1977; 33: 58–63
  • Watson C G, Jacobs L. Evidence for a dual-factor concept of psychopathological emotional deficit: anhedonia and sensation-seeking. J Clin Psychol 1977; 33: 385–9
  • Watson C G, Anderson R, Schulte D. Responses of high-and low-emotional deficit patients to exciting, grating, and neutral stimuli. J Clin Psychol 1977; 33: 552–4
  • Watson C G, Jacobs L. The relationships of anhedonia to pain adaptation and emotional deficit. J Clin Psychol 1977; 33: 555–7
  • Watson C G, Kucala T, Jacobs L. The prediction of outcome from anhedonia and process-reactive scales. J Clin Psychol 1978; 34: 889–92
  • Watson C G, Kucala T. Anhedonia and death. Psychol Rep 1978; 43: 1120–2
  • Clark L E, Watson D. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J Abnorm Psychol 1991; 100: 316–36
  • Harrow M, Grinker R R, Sr, Holzman P S, Kayton L. Anhedonia and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1977; 134: 794–7
  • Chapman L J, Chapman J P, Raulin M L. Scales for physical and social anhedonia. J Abnorm Psychol 1976; 85: 374–82
  • Chapman L J, Chapman J P, Raulin M L. Body-image aberration in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1978; 87: 399–407
  • Edell W S, Chapman L J. Anhedonia, perceptual aberration, and the Rorschach. J Consult Clin Psychol 1979; 47: 377–84
  • Penk W E, Carpenter J C, Rylee K E. MMPI correlates of social and physical anhedonia. J Consult Clin Psychol 1979; 47: 1046–52
  • Grove W M. Psychometric detection of schizotypy. Psychol Bull 1982; 92: 27–38
  • Lenzenweger M F, Loranger A W. Psychosis proneness and clinical psychopathology: Examination of the correlates of schizotypy. J Abnorm Psychol 1989; 98: 3–8
  • Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan R W. Anhedonia and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Psych Res 1989; 31: 25–30
  • Clementz B A, Grove W M, Katsanis J, Lacono W G. Psychometric detection of schizotypy: Perceptual aberration and physical anhedonia in relatives of schizophrenics. J Abnorm Psychol 1991; 100: 607–12
  • Katsanis J, Lacono W G, Beiser M. Anhedonia and perceptual aberration in first-episode psychotic patients and their relatives. J Abnorm Psychol 1990; 99: 202–6
  • Chapman L J, Chapman J P, Raulin M L, Edell W S. Schizotypy and thought disorder as a high risk approach to schizophrenia. Cognitive defects in the development of mental illness, G Serban. Brunner-Mazel, New York. 1978
  • Schuck J, Leventhal D, Rothstein H, Irizarry V. Physical anhedonia and schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1984; 93: 342–4
  • Katsanis J, Lacono W G, Beiser M, Lacey L. Clinical correlates of anhedonia and perceptual aberration in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 1992; 101: 184–91
  • Garnet K E, Glick M, Edell W S. Anhedonia and premorbid competence in young, nonpsychoac psychiatric inpatients. J Abnorm Psychol 1993; 102: 580–3
  • Eckblad M, Chapman L J, Chapman J P, Mishlove M. The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WL 1982
  • Mishlove M, Chapman L J. Social anhedonia in the prediction of psychosis proneness. J Abnorm Psychol 1985; 94: 384–96
  • Haberman M C, Chapman L J, Numbers J S, McFall R M. Relation of social competence to scores on two scales of psychosis proneness. J Abnorm Psychol 1979; 88: 675–7
  • Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Comblatt B A, Rock D, et al. The New York high-risk project: Anhedonia, attentional deviance, and psychopathology. Schizophr Bull 1993; 19: 141–53
  • Merrit R D, Balogh D W, DeVinney S E. Use of the MMPI to assess the construct validity of the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale as an index of schizotypy. J Personal Assess 1993; 60: 227–38
  • Thaker G, Moran M, Adami H, Cassady S. Psychosis proneness scales in schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders: familial vs. nonfamilial samples. Psychiatry Res 1993; 46: 47–57
  • Cook M, Simukonda F. Anhedonia and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1981; 139: 523–5
  • Koh S D, Kayton L, Schwartz C. The structure of word storage in the permanent memory of nonpsychotic schizophrenics. J Consult Clin Psychol 1974; 42: 879–87
  • Kayton L, Koh S D. Hypohedonia in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 1975; 161: 412–9
  • Koh S D, Kayton L, Peterson R A. Affective encoding and consequent remembering in schizophrenic young adults. J Abnorm Psychol 1976; 85: 156–66
  • Koh S D, Grinker R R, Sr, Marusarz T Z, Forman P L. Affective memory and schizophrenic anhedonia. Schizophr Bull 1981; 7: 292–307
  • Jones I H, Pansa-Henderson M. The relationship between nonverbal behavior and mental state symptoms in schizophrenic, depressed and anxiety neurosis patients. J Psych Treat Eval 1982; 4: 253–6
  • Martin C C, Borod J C, Alpert M, et al. Spontaneous expression of facial emotion in schizophrenic and braindamaged patients. J Commun Disord 1990; 23: 287–301
  • Miller R E. Method to study anhedonia in hospitalized psychiatric patients. J Abnorm Psychol 1987; 94: 384–96
  • Gottheil E, Paredes A, Exline R V, Winkelmayer R. Communication of affect in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1970; 22: 439–44
  • Wittman M P. A scale for measuring prognosis in schizophrenic patients. Elgin State Hospital Papers 1941; 4: 20–33
  • Watson C G, Jacobs L, Kucala T. A note on the pathology of anhedonia. J Clin Psychol 1979; 35: 740–3
  • Liddle P F, Barnes T RE. The subjective experience of deficits in schizophrenia. Comprehen Psychiatry 1988; 29: 157–64
  • Loas G, Noisette C, Legrand A, et al. Clinical characteristics of chronic schizophrenic patients presenting with severe anhedonia. Encephale 1996; 22: 351–8
  • Loas G, Noisette C, Legrand A, Boyer P. Anhedonia, depression and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94: 477–9
  • Grinker R R, Holzman P S. Schizophrenic pathology in young adults: A clinical study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 28: 168–75
  • Silverstone P H. Is anhedonia a good measure of depression?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991; 83: 249–50
  • Cutting J. The right cerebral hemisphere and psychiatric disorders. Oxford University Press, New York. 1990
  • Lutzenberger W, Birbaumer N, Rockstroh B, Elbert T. Evaluation of contingencies and conditional probabilities. Archiv Psych Nervenkr 1983; 233: 471–88
  • Piersoh A, Ragot R, Ripoche A, Lesevre N. Electro-physiological changes elicited by auditory stimuli given a positive or negative value: a study comparing anhedonic with hedonic subjects. Int J Psychophysiol 1987; 5: 107–23
  • Pierson A, Loas G, Lesevre N. Etude de potentiels évoqués cognitifs en function de la valence affective et de la signification des stimulus chez des sujets anhédoniques avec attitudes dysfonctionnelles. L'Encéphale 1990; 16: 209–16
  • Loas G, Salinas E, Guelfi J D, Samuel-Lajeneusse B. Physical anhedonia in major depressive disorder. J Affect Dis 1992; 25: 139–46
  • Loas G, Pierson A. L'anhédonie en psychiatric: revue. Ann Méd-psychol 1989; 147: 705–17
  • Loas G, Boyer P. Anhedonia in psychotic and non-psychotic disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992; 15: 558A–559A
  • Loas G. Anhedonia in major depression. Comparison of 55 depressed patients with 54 healthy probands. Encéphale 1995; 21: 559–62
  • Loas G, Fremaux D, Gayant C, Boyer P. Physical anhedonia and depression: distinct concepts? Study of the construct validity of these dimensions in a group of 224 normal subjects. Encéphale 1996; 22: 175–9
  • Fawcett J, Clark D C, Scheftner W A, Gibbons R D. Assessing anhedonia in psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40: 79–84
  • Clark D C, Fawcett J. Anhedonia, hypohedonia and pleasure capacity in major depressive disorders. Anhedonia and affect deficit states, D C Clark, J Fawcett. PMA Publishing, New York. 1987
  • Fawcett J, Clark D C, Scheftner W A, Hedeker D. Differences between anhedonic and normally hedonic depressive states. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140: 1027–30
  • Davidson J, Turnbull C, Strickland R, Belyea M. Comparative diagnostic criteria for melancholia and endogenous depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 506–11
  • Zimmerman M, Black D W, Coryel W. Diagnostic criteria for melancholia: the comparative validity of DSM-III and DSM-III-R. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 361–8
  • Hardy P, Jouvent R, Lancrenou S, et al. L'échelle de plaisir-déplaisir: utilisation dans l'évaluation de la maladie depressive. Encéphale 1986; 12: 149–54
  • Loas G, Salinas E, Pierson A, et al. Anhedonia and blunted affect in major depressive disorder. Comprehen Psychiatry 1994; 35: 366–72
  • Brown S L, Sweeney D R, Schwartz G E. Differences between self-reported and observed pleasure in depression and schizophrenia. J Nerv Merit Dis 1979; 167: 410–5
  • Berembaum H, Snowhite R, Oltmanns T F. Anhedonia and emotional responses to affect evoking stimuli. Psychol Med 1987; 17: 677–84
  • Simons R F, Russo K R. Event-related potentials and continuous performance in subjects with physical anhedonia or perceptual aberrations. J Psychophysiol 1987; 1: 401–10
  • Miller G A. Information processing deficits in anhedonia and perceptual aberration: a psychophysiological analysis. Biol Psychiatry 1986; 21: 100–15
  • Pierson A, Loas G, Lesevre N. Etude de potentiels évoqués cognitifs en fonction de la valence affective et de la signification des stimulus chez des sujets anhédoniques avec attitudes dysfonctionnelles. L'Encéphale 1990; 16: 209–16
  • Fitzgibbons L, Simons R F. Affective response to color-slide stimuli in subjects with physical anhedonia: A three-systems analysis. Psychophysiology 1992; 29: 613–20
  • Olds J, Milner P. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1954; 47: 419–27
  • Heath R G. Application of Sandor Rado's adaptational psychodynamic formulations to brain physiology. J Am Acad Psychoanal 1974; 2: 19–25
  • Stein L, Wise C D. Possible aetiology of schizophrenia: Progressive damage to the noradrenergic reward system by 6-hydroxydopamine. Science 1971; 171: 1032–6
  • Wise C D, Stein L. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase deficits in the brains of schizophrenic patients. Science 1973; 181: 344–7
  • Wise R A, Spindler J, De Wit H, Gerber G J. Neuroleptic-induced “anhedonia” in rats: Pimozide blocks reward quality of food. Science 1978; 201: 262–4
  • Olds J, Killiam K F, Bach Y, Rita P. Self-stimulation of the brain used as a screening method for tranquilizing drugs. Science 1956; 124: 265–6
  • Dews P B, Morse W H. Behavioural pharmacology. Ann Rev Pharmachol 1961; 1: 145–74
  • Gray T, Wise R A. Effects of pimozide on lever-pressing behavior maintained on an intermittent reinforcement schedule. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980; 12: 931–5
  • Wise R A. Neuroleptics and operant behavior: the anhedonia hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 1982; 5: 39–87
  • Evans K R, Eikelboom R. Feeding induced by ventricular bromocriptine and amphetamine: a possible excitatory role for dopamine in eating behavior. Behav Neurosci 1987; 101: 591–3
  • Asin K E, Wirtshafter D. Evidence for dopamine involvement in reinforcement obtained using a latent extinction paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 36: 417–20
  • Leeb K, Parker L, Eikelboom R. Effects of pimozide on the hedonic properties of sucrose: Analysis by the taste reactivity test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 39: 895–901
  • Wirtshafter D, Asin K E. Dissociation of haloperidol-induced ‘anhedonia’ and catalepsy by lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 40: 1001–4
  • Crow T J. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: More than one disease process. Br Med J 1980; 280: 66–8
  • Mackay A VP. Positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms and the role of dopamine. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 137: 379–83
  • Andreasen N C, Olsen S. Negative vs. positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 789–94
  • Carnoy P, Soubrie P, Puech A J, Simon P. Performance deficit induced by low doses of dopamine agonists in rats. Toward a model for approaching the neurobiology of negative schizophrenic symptomatology?. Biol Psychiatry 1986; 21: 11–22
  • Ettenberg A, Koob G F, Bloom F E. Response artefact in the measurement of neuroleptic-induced anhedonia. Science 1981; 213: 357–9
  • Faustman W O, Fowler S C. An examination of methodological refinements, clozapine and fluphenazine in the anhedonia paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982; 17: 987–93
  • Morley M J, Bradshaw C M, Szabadi E. The effect of pimozide on variable-interval performance: a test of the ‘anhedonia’ hypothesis of the mode of action of neuroleptics. Psychopharmacol 1984; 84: 531–6
  • Gramling S E, Fowler S C, Collins K R. Some effects of pimozide on nondeprived rats licking sucrose solutions in an anhedonia paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984; 21: 617–24
  • Gramling S E, Fowler S C, Tizzano J. Some effects of pimozide on nondeprived rats' lever pressing maintained by a sucrose reward in an anhedonia paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987; 27: 67–72
  • Ljungberg T. Blockade by neuroleptics of water intake and operant responding for water in the rat: Anhedonia, motor deficit, or both?. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987; 27: 341–50
  • Ljungberg T. Scopolamine reverses haloperidol-attenuated lever-pressing for water but not haloperidol-attenuated water intake in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988; 29: 205–8
  • Kirkpatrick M A, Fowler S C. Force-proportional reinforcement: Pimozide does not reduce rats' emission of higher forces for sweeter rewards. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 32: 499–504
  • Acquas E, Carboni E, Leone P, Di Chiara G. SCH 23390 blocks drug-conditioned place-preference and place-aversion: anhedonia (lack of reward) or apathy (lack of motivation) after dopamine-receptor blockade?. Psychopharmacol 1989; 99: 151–5
  • King D J. The effect of neuroleptics on cognitive and psychomotor function. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 799–811
  • King D J, Henry G. The effect of neuroleptics on cognitive and psychomotor function. A preliminary study in healthy volunteers. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160: 647–53
  • Pagan D, Scott D B, Mitchell M, Tiplady B. Effects of remoxipride on measures of psychological performance in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmachology 1991; Berl 105: 225–9
  • Danion J M, Peretti S, Grange D, et al. Effects of chlorpromazine and lorazepam on explicit memory, repetition priming and cognitive skill learning in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 1992; Berl 108: 345–51
  • Rosellini R A. Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of a free appetitive operant. Anim Learn Behav 1978; 6: 155–9
  • Rosellini R A, De Cola J P. Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of a low-activity response in an appetitive context. Anim Learn Behav 1981; 9: 487–90
  • Katz R, Roth K, Carroll B. Acute and chronic stress effects on open field activity in the rat: Implications for a model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1981; 5: 247–51
  • Katz R. Animal model of depression: Pharmacological sensitivity of a hedonic deficit. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982; 16: 965–8
  • Zacharko R M, Bowers W J, Kokkinidis L, Anisman H. Region specific reductions of intracranial self-stimulation after uncontrollable stress: Possible effects on reward processes. Behav Brain Res 1983; 9: 129–41
  • Zacharko R M, Bowers W J, Anisman H. Responding for brain stimulation: stress and desmethylimipramine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 1984; 8: 601–6
  • Zacharko R M, Bowers W J, Kelley M S, Anisman H. Prevention of stress-induced disturbances of self-stimulation by desmethylimipramine. Brain Res 1984; 321: 175–9
  • Zacharko R M, Gilmore W, MacNeil G, et al. Stressor induced variations of intracranial self-stimulation from the mesocortex in several strains of mice. Brain Res 1990; 533: 353–7
  • Zacharko R M, Kasian M, MacNeil G, Anisman H. Stressor-induced behavioral alterations in intracranial self-stimulation from the ventral tegmental area: evidence for regional variations. Brain Res Bull 1990; 25: 617–21
  • Zacharko R M, Anisman H. Stressor-induced anhedonia in the mesocorticolimbic system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1991; 15: 391–405
  • Muscat R, Willner P. Suppression of sucrose drinking by chronic mild unpredictable stress: a methodological analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992; 16: 507–17
  • Willner P, Golembiowska K, Klimek V, Muscat R. Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacol 1990; 93: 358–64
  • Muscat R, Towell A, Willner P. Changes in dopamine autoreceptor sensitivity in an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacol 1987; 94: 545–50
  • Plasnik A, Stefanski R, Kostowski W. Restraint stress-induced changes in saccharin preference: the effect of antidepressive treatment and diazepam. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 33: 755–9
  • Papp M, Willner P, Muscat R. An animal model of anhedonia: attenuation of sucrose consumption and place preference conditioning by chronic unpredictable stress. Psychopharmacol 1991; 104: 255–9
  • Muscat R, Willner P. Suppression of sucrose drinking by chronic mild unpredictable stress: a methodological analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992; 16: 507–17
  • Moureau J L, Jenck F, Martin J R, et al. Antidepressant treatment prevents chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced anhedonia as assessed by ventral tegmentum self-stimulation behavior in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1992; 2: 43–9
  • Haefely W, Burkard W P, Cesura A, et al. Pharmacology of moclobemide. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993; 16: S8–S18
  • Moureau J L, Jenck F, Martin J R, et al. Effects of moclobemide, a new generation reversible Mao-A inhibitor, in a novel animal model of depression. Pharmacopsychiatria 1993; 26: 30–3
  • Papp M, Wilner P, Muscat R. Behavioural sensitization to a dopamine agonist is associated with reversal of stress-induced anhedonia. Psychopharmacol 1993; 110: 159–64
  • Papp M, Moryl E. New evidence for the antidepressant activity of MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors. Pol J Pharmacol 1993; 45: 549–53
  • Moureau J L, Bourson A, Jenck F, et al. Curative effects of the atypical antidepressant mianserin in the chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia model of depression. J Psych Neurosci 1994; 19: 51–6
  • Moureau J L, Jenck F, Martin J R, et al. Antidepressant treatment prevents chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced anhedonia as assessed by ventral tegmentum self-stimulation behavior in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1992; 2: 43–9
  • Stamford J A, Muscat R, O'Connor J J, et al. Voltammetric evidence that subsensitivity to reward following chronic mild stress is associated with increased release of mesolimbic dopamine. Psychopharmacol 1991; 105: 275–82
  • Dess N K, Choe S. Stress selectively reduces sugar + saccharin mixture intake but increases proportion of calories consumed as sugar by rats. Psychobiol 1994; 22: 77–84
  • Markou A, Koob G F. Postcocaine anhedonia: an animal model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacol 1991; 4: 17–26
  • Gawin F H, Kleber H D. Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 107–13
  • Gawin F H. Chronic neuropharmacology of cocaine: Progress in pharmacotheraphy. J Clin Psychiatry 1988; 49: 11–16
  • Koob G F, Goeders N E. Neuroanatomical substrates of drug self-administration. The neuropharmacological basis of reward, J M Liebman, S J Cooper. Oxford University Press, New York 1989
  • Koob G F. Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement. Ann N York Acad Sci 1992; 654: 171–91
  • Markou A, Koob G F. Bromocriptine reverses the elevation in intracranial self-stimulation thresholds observed in a rat model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacol 1992; 7: 213–24
  • Weiss F, Hurd Y L, Ungerstedt U, et al. Neurochemical correlates of cocaine and ethanol self-administration. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 654: 220–41
  • Weiss F, Markou A, Lorang M T, Koob G F. Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration. Brain Res 1992; 539: 314–8
  • Pulvirenti L, Koob G F. Lisuride reduces psychomotor retardation during withdrawal from chronic intravenous amphetamine self-administration in rats. Neuropsychopharmacol 1993; 8: 213–8
  • Cummings J L. The neuroanatomy of depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54: 14–20
  • Maddeaux C, Zacharko R M. Intraventricular administration of D-ala2-met5-enkephalinamide induces rapid recovery of responding for electrical brain stimulation from the ventral tegmental area following uncontrollable foot-shock. Brain Res Bull 1992; 28: 337–41
  • Wise R A, Bozarth M A. Brain substrates for reinforcement and drug self-administration. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol 1981; 5: 467–74
  • Wise R A, Bozarth M A. Actions of drugs of abuse on brain reward systems: an update with specific attention to opiates. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982; 17: 239–43
  • Wise R A. Actions of drugs of abuse on brain reward systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980; 13: 213–23
  • Collier T J. The role of brain opioid systems. Anhedonia and affective deficit states, D C Clark, J Fawcett. PMA Publishing, New York 1987
  • Crow T J. Catecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation: 2. A theoretical interpretation and some psychiatric implications. Psychol Med 1973; 3: 66–73
  • Crow T J. A general catecholamine hypothesis. Neurosci Res Prog Bull 1977; 15: 195–205
  • Franklin K BJ. Catecholamines and self-stimulation reward and performance effects dissociated. Pharmacol 1978; Biochem Behav 9: 813–20
  • Hunt G E, Atrens D M, Chesner G B. α-noradrenergic modulation of hypothalamic self-stimulation: Studies employing clonidine, 1-phenylephrine and α-methyl-b-tyrosine. Eur J Pharmacol 1976; 37: 105–11
  • Van Praag H M, Asnis G M, Kahn R S, et al. Monoamines and abnormal behaviour. A multi-aminergic perspective. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 723–34
  • Dworkin R H, Saczynski K. Individual differences in hedonic capacity. J Personal Assess 1984; 48: 620–6
  • Berembaum H, Oltmanns T F, Gottesman I I. Hedonic capacity in schizophrenics and their twins. Psychol Med 1990; 20: 367–74
  • Berembaum H, McGrew J. Familial resemblance of schizotypic traits. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 327–33
  • Berrios G E, Markova I S, Olivares J M. Sintomas mentales: Hacia una nueva meta-teoria. Psiquiatrta Biol 1995; 2: 51–62
  • Shoichet R P, Oakley A. Notes on the treatment of anhedonia. Can. Psychiatr Assoc J 1978; 23: 487–492
  • Watson C G, Jacobs L. Interrelationships and correlates of four measures of pleasure deficit. J Clin Psychol 1980; 36: 142–147
  • Chapman L J, Edell W S, Chapman J P. Physical anhedonia, perceptual aberration, and psychosis proneness. Schizophr Bull 1980; 6: 639–653
  • Numbers J S, Chapman L J. Social deficits in hypothetically psychosis-prone college women. J Abnorm Psychol 1982; 91: 255–260
  • Peterson C A, Knudson R M. Anhedonia: A construct validation approach. J Person Assess 1983; 47: 539–551
  • Simons R F. Electrodermal and cardiac orienting in psychometrically defined high-risk subjects. Psychiatry Res 1981; 4: 347–356
  • Lutzenberger W, Elbert T, Rockstroh B, Birbaumer N, Stegagno I. Slow cortical potentials in subjects with high or low scores on a questionnaire measuring physical anhedonia and body image distortion. Psychophysiology 1981; 18(4)371–380
  • Simons R F. Physical anhedonia and future psycho-pathology: An electrocortical continuity?. Psychophysiol 1982; 19: 433–441
  • Simons R F, McMillan F W, III, Ireland F B. Anticipatory pleasure deficit in subjects reporting physical anhedonia: Slow cortical evidence. Biol Psychol 1982b; 14: 297–310
  • Simons R F, McMillan F W, III, Ireland F B. Reaction-time cross-over in preselected schizotypic subjects. J Abnorm Psychol 1982a; 91: 414–419
  • Miller G A, Simons R F, Lang P J. Electrocortical measures of information processing deficit in anhedonia. Ann New York Acad Sci 1984; 425: 598–602
  • Simons R F, Russo K R. Event-related potentials and continuous performance in subjects with physical anhedonia or perceptual aberrations. J Psychophysiol 1987; 1: 401–410
  • Bernstein A S, Riedel J A. Psychophysiological response patterns in college students with high physical anhedonia: scores appear to reflect schizotypy rather than depression. Biol Psychiatry 1987; 22: 829–847
  • Pierson A, Ragot R, Ripoche A, Lesevre N. Modifications d'indices d'activation varies en fonction de la valence acquise par un stimulus chez des sujets anhedoniques et depressogenes. Neurophysiol Clin 1988; 18: 33–49
  • Drewer H, Shean G D. Reaction time crossover in schizotypal subjects. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993; 181: 27–30

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.