Developing intelligible signs with learning-disabled students: A review of the literature and an assessment procedure

References

• Baker-Shenk C. (1985) Non-manual behaviors in sign language: Methodological concerns and recent findings. SLR 1983. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Sign Language Research. 1983, W. Stokoe, V. Volterra. Linstok Press, Silver Spring, MD, 97–105
   Google Scholar
• Bergès I., Lézine I. The Imitation of Gestures. Spastics Society, London 1965
   Google Scholar
• Bonvtllian J. D., Nelson K. E. Exceptional cases of language acquisition. Children's Language, K. E. Nelson. Gardner Press, London 1982; Vol. 3
   Google Scholar
• Bonvtllian J. D., Orlansky M. D., Novack L. I. Developmental milestones: Sign language acquisition and motor development. Child Development 1983; 54: 1435–1445
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein H., Jordan I. K. Functional Signs: A new approach from simple to complex. University Park Press, Baltimore 1984
   Google Scholar
• Boyes-Braem P. The acquisition of handshape in American Sign Language. Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 1973, Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Brennan M., Colville M., Lawson L. Words in hand: a structural analysis of the signs of British Sign Language. Moray House College of education. 1984, Edinburgh BSL Research Project
   Google Scholar
• Brinton B., Fujiki M., Erickson J. Establishing a functional manual sign in an autistic child. Australian Journal of Human Communication 1985; 13: 117–126
   Google Scholar
• Browder D., Morris W., Snell M. Using time delay to teach manual signs to a severely retarded student. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded 1981; 16: 252–258
   Google Scholar
• Brown R. Why are signed languages easier to learn than spoken languages?. Paper presented at the National Symposium on Sign Language Research and Teaching, Chicago, Illinois, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Bryen D., Ioyce D. Sign language and the severely handicapped. Journal of Special Education 1986; 20: 183–194
   Google Scholar
• Byler J. K. The Makaton Vocabulary: An analysis based on recent research. British Journal of Special Education 1985; 12: 113–120
   Google Scholar
• Carroll J. J., Gibson E. J. Infant perception of gestural contrasts: Prerequisites for the acquisition of a visually specified language. Journal of Child Language 1986; 13(1)31–49
   Google Scholar
• Carter M. The acquisition of British Sign Language (BSL). University of York. 1981, Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Clark P. Adapting signs for deaf-blind children. Talking Sense. 1988; 16–17, Spring
   Google Scholar
• Cotton E. The Hand as a Guide to Learning. Spastics Society, London 1985
   Google Scholar
• Dennis R., Reichle I., Williams W., Vooelsbero R. T. Motoric factors influencing the selection of vocabulary for sign production programs. Journal of the Association for the Severely Handicapped 1982; 7: 20–32
   Google Scholar
• Deuchar M. British Sign Language. London: RKP. doherty, j. (1985). The effects of sign characteristics on sign acquisition and retention: An integrative review of the literature. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 1984; 1(3)108–121
   Google Scholar
• Dunn M. L. Pre-sign Language Motor Skills. Winslow Press, Bicester, Oxon 1982
   Google Scholar
• Fawcett O. F., Clibbens J. S. The acquisition of signs by the mentally handicapped. British Journal of Disorders of Communication 1983; 18: 13–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer S. D., Tartarr V. C (1985) The dot and the line: Perception of ASL under reduced conditions. SLR 1983: Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Sign Language Research. 1983, W. Stokoe, V. Volterra. Linstok Press, Silver Spring, MD, 101–108
   Google Scholar
• Goodman L., Kroc R. A classroom sign communication program for the severely handicapped. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 1981; 12: 233–239
   Google Scholar
• Griffith P. L., Robinson J. H. Influence of iconicity and phonological similarity on sign learning by mentally retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 1980; 85: 291–298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffith P. L., Robinson J. H. A., Panaoos J. H. Tactile iconicity: Signs rated for use with deaf-blind children. Journal of the Association of the Severely Handicapped 1983; 8(2)26–38
   Google Scholar
• Grove N., McDougall S. An exploration of the communication skills of Makaton students: Part 2. Interviews with teachers and speech therapists. 1989, Final Report to the Leverhulme Trust, St George's Hospital Medical School.
   Google Scholar
• Grove N., Walker M. The Makaton Vocabulary: using signs and graphic symbols to develop interpersonal communication. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 1990; 6: 16–28
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton H. Perception of sign features by deaf children. Sign Language Studies 1986; 50: 73–77
   Google Scholar
• Holmes K. M., Holmes D. W. Signed and spoken language development in a hearing child of hearing parents. Sign Language Studies 1980; 28: 239–254
   Google Scholar
• Iaccono T., Parsons C. A comparison of techniques for teaching signs to intellectually disabled individuals using an alternating treatments design. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders 1986; 14(2)23–34
   Google Scholar
• Illingworth R. The Development of the Infant and Young Child: Normal and abnormal. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1970
   Google Scholar
• Ingram D. Phonological Disability in Children. Cole & Whurr, London 1989
   Google Scholar
• Jones L., Reid B., Kiernan C. C. Signs and symbols: The 1980 survey. Special Education: Forward Trends 1982; 9: 34–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahn J. A comparison of sign and verbal language training with nonverbal retarded children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1981; 46: 113–119
   Google Scholar
• Kiernan C. C. Imitation and learning of hand postures. Perspectives and Progress in Mental Retardation, Vol. 1: Social, psychological and educational aspects, J. M. Berg. University Park Press, Baltimore 1984; 251–260, I.A.S.S.M.D.
   Google Scholar
• Kiernan C. C, Jordan R. A., Saunders C. Starting Off. Souvenir Press, London 1978
   Google Scholar
• Kiernan C. C, Reid B. A., Bowier D. The New Sign Imitation Test. Thomas Coram Research Unit, London 1983
   Google Scholar
• Kiernan C. C, Reid B. A., Jones L. Signs and Symbols: Use of nonvocal communication systems. Heinemann Educational, London 1982
   Google Scholar
• Kldia E. S. A., Belluqi U. The Signs of Language. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MS 1979
   Google Scholar
• Kohl F. Effects of motoric requirements on the acquisition of manual sign responses by severely handicapped students. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 1981; 85: 396–403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konstanteras M. M., Oxman J. A., Webster C. D. Iconicity and sign language in autistic children. Understanding Language through Sign Language Research, P. Siple. Academic Press, New York 1978; 213–235
   Google Scholar
• Kyle J. A., Won B. Sign Language: The study of deaf people and their language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985
   Google Scholar
• Lawson L. Multi-channel signs. Language in Sign: An international perspective on sign language, J. Kyle, B. Woll. Croom Helm, London 1983; 97–105
   Google Scholar
• Llewellyn-Jonbs M. The current development of a two-year old profoundly deaf child in relation to the use of sign language in an educational setting: The effects of the teacher's use of sign on communication and behaviour. Plymouth 1982, Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd L. L. A., Doherty J. The influence of production mode on the recall of signs in normal adult subjects. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1983; 26: 595–600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lloyd L. L., Karlan O. Non-speech communication symbols and systems: Where have we been and where are we going?. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 1984; 28: 3–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loncke F. A., Querttnmont S. Development of sign language grammatical features. Paper presented at the Language development and sign language workshop, Burwalls, Bristol, November, 7–9, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Luftig R. An analysis of initial sign lexicons as a function of eight learnability variables. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 1984; 9: 193–200
   Google Scholar
• Luftig R. A., Lloyd L. L. Manual sign translucency and referential concreteness in the learning of sign. Sign Language Studies 1981; 30: 49–60
   Google Scholar
• Mandel M. Iconic devices in American Sign Language. On the Other Hand: New perspectives on American Sign Language, L. A. Friedman. Academic Press, New York 1977
   Google Scholar
• McEwen I. R., Lloyd L. L. Some considerations about the motor requirements of manual signs. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 1990; 6: 207–216
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre M. The acquisition of ASL hand configurations. Sign Language Studies 1977; 16: 247–266
   Google Scholar
• Mein R., Fawcett O. F. An examination of two factors in the initial period of teaching the Makaton sign system to mentally handicapped people. 1982, Final report to the North West Thames Regional Health Authority
   Google Scholar
• Mountain M. Signing with the visually and mentally handicapped noncommunicating child. Bulletin of the College of Speech Therapists 1984; 386: 12
   Google Scholar
• Novack L. L., Folven R. J., Orlansky M. D., Bonvtllian J. D. A., Holley-Wilcox P. Language, cognitive, and cherological development in young children of deaf parents. Paper presented at the IXth congress of the World Federation of the Deaf. 1983
   Google Scholar
• Orlansky M. D. A., Bonvtllian J. D. The role of iconicity in early sign language acquisition. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 1984; 49: 287–292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Placet J. Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood. RKP, London 1962
   Google Scholar
• Prillwitz S., Leven R., Zienert H., Hanke T. A., Henning J. HamNoSys: Hamburg Notation System for Sign Languages. Signum Press, Hamburg 1989
   Google Scholar
• Reichle J. A., Karlan O. The selection of an augmentative system in communication intervention: A critique of decision rules. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicap 1985; 10: 146–156
   Google Scholar
• Reichle J., Wtlliams W. A., Ryan S. Selecting signs for the formulation of an augmentative communicative modality. Journal of the Association for People with Severe Handicaps 1981; 6: 48–56
   Google Scholar
• Reid B., Jones L. A., Kiernan C. C. Signs and symbols: The 1982 survey of use. Special Education: Forward Trends 1983; 10: 27–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schepis M., Reid D., Fitzoerald J., Faw G., Van Den Pol R. A., Welty P. A program for increasing manual signing by autistic and profoundly retarded youth within the daily environment. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis 1982; 15: 363–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shane H. C. A., Wilbur R. B. Potential for expressive signing based on motor control. Sign Language Studies 1980; 29: 331–348
   Google Scholar
• Shaw-Champion O. From sign to speech: A study of bimodal language acquisition in a child with Down's syndrome. University of York. 1986, Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan M. Children's Developmental Progress from Birth to Five Years. NFER, Windsor 1973
   Google Scholar
• Silverman F. H. Communication for the Speechless. Prentice Hall, New Jersey 1980
   Google Scholar
• Stokoe W. Sign Language Structure. Linstok Press, Silver Spring, MD 1978
   Google Scholar
• Sutton V. A way to analyse ASL and any other sign language without translation into any spoken language. 1980, Centre for Sutton Movement Writing Inc., PO Box 7344, Newport Beach, CA 92658–7344, USA
   Google Scholar
• Sutton V. SignWriter. 1989, Deaf Action Committee for Sign Writing, PO Box 517, La Jolla, CA. 92038–0517, USA
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney L. A., Neal A. E. Sign language notation: Analysis and application. Paper presented at the Fourth Biennial International Conference on Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Cardiff, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Tartarr V. C., Fischer S. Perceptual confusions in ASL under normal and reduced (point light display) conditions. Language in Sign: An international perspective on sign language, J. Kyle, B. Well. Croom Helm, London 1983; 215–224
   Google Scholar
• Uzgiris I., Hunt J. Assessment in Infancy: Ordinal scales of psychological development. University of Illinois Press, Urbana 1975
   Google Scholar
• Walker M. Line drawings for the Revised Makaton Vocabulary. 1985, MVDP, 31 Firwood Drive Camberley, Surrey
   Google Scholar
• Wilbur R., Jones M. (1974) Some aspects of the acquisition of ASL English by three hearing children of deaf parents. Paper presented at the Tenth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago, Illinois, April, 19–21st1974
   Google Scholar