Multilocus sequence typing of sequential Candida albicans isolates from patients with persistent or recurrent fungemia

References

• Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20: 133–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott TJ, Fundyga RE, Kuykendall RJ, . The human commensal yeast, Candida albicans, has an ancient origin. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42: 444–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, Brown GD, Kullberg BJ, . An integrated model of the recognition of Candida albicans by the innate immune system. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6: 67–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naglik J, Albrecht A, Bader O, . Candida albicans proteinases and host/pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6: 915–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Role of sentinel surveillance of candidemia: trends in species distribution and antifungal susceptibility. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3551–3557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JB, Wickens C, Khan M, . Infrequent genetic exchange and recombination in the mitochondrial genome of Candida albicans. J Bacteriol 2001; 183: 865–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lephart PR, Magee PT. Effect of the major repeat sequence on mitotic recombination in Candida albicans. Genetics 2006; 174: 1737–1744.
   Google Scholar
• Odds FC, Bougnoux ME, Shaw DJ, . Molecular phylogenetics of Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 2007; 6: 1041–1052.
   Google Scholar
• Soll DR, Pujol C. Candida albicans clades. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003; 39: 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Clancy CJ, Barchiesi F, Falconi DiFrancesco L, . Clinical manifestations and molecular epidemiology of late recurrent candidemia, and implications for management. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19: 585–592.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shin JH, Shin DH, Song JW, . Electrophoretic karyotype analysis of sequential Candida parapsilosis isolates from patients with persistent or recurrent fungemia. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1258–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin JH, Og YG, Cho D, . Molecular epidemiological analysis of bloodstream isolates of Candida albicans from a university hospital over a five-year period. J Microbiol 2005; 43: 546–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neofytos D, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, . A case of recurrent episodes of Candida parapsilosis fungemia. Mycopathologia 2006; 162: 295–298.
   Google Scholar
• Shin JH, Chae MJ, Song JW, . Changes in karyotype and azole susceptibility of sequential bloodstream isolates from patients with Candida glabrata candidemia. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 2385–2391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann CS, Merz WG. Electrophoretic karyotypes of Torulopsis glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 2165–2168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klempp-Selb B, Rimek D, Kappe R. Karyotyping of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata from patients with Candida sepsis. Mycoses 2000; 43: 159–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viviani MA, Cogliati M, Esposto MC, . Four-year persistence of a single Candida albicans genotype causing bloodstream infections in a surgical ward proven by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 218–221.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhary A, Lee-Yang W, Lasker BA, . Comparison of multilocus sequence typing and Ca3 fingerprinting for molecular subtyping epidemiologically-related clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Med Mycol 2006; 44: 405–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odds FC, Jacobsen MD. Multilocus sequence typing of pathogenic Candida species. Eukaryot Cell 2008; 7: 1075–1084.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Odds FC, Davidson AD, Jacobsen MD, . Candida albicans strain maintenance, replacement, and microvariation demonstrated by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 3647–3658.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough MJ, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of genotypic Candida albicans subgroups and comparison with Candida dubliniensis and Candida stellatoidea. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 417–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo AL, Nucci M, Park BJ, . Epidemiology of candidemia in Brazil: a nationwide sentinel surveillance of candidemia in eleven medical centers. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 2816–2823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing for yeasts, proposed standard M27-A2, NCLS, Wayne, PA; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Bougnoux ME, Tavanti A, Bouchier C, . Collaborative consensus for optimized multilocus sequence typing of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5265–5266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavanti A, Davidson AD, Fordyce MJ, . Population structure and properties of Candida albicans, as determined by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 5601–5613.
   Google Scholar
• Chen KW, Chen YC, Lo HJ, . Multilocus sequence typing for analyses of clonality of Candida albicans strains in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 2172–2178.
   Google Scholar
• Forche A, May G, Magee PT. Demonstration of loss of heterozygosity by single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis and alterations in strain morphology in Candida albicans strains during infection. Eukaryot Cell 2005; 4: 156–165.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen MD, Duncan AD, Bain J, . Mixed Candida albicans strain populations in colonized and infected mucosal tissues. FEMS Yeast Res 2008; 8: 1334–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar