Candida tropicalis biofilms: artificial urine, urinary catheters and flow model

References

• Lundstrom T, Sobel J. Nosocomial candiduria: a review. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 1602–1607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouza E, Juan RS, Muñoz P, Voss A, Kluytmans J. A European perspective on nosocomial urinary tract infections II. Report on incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome (ESGNI-004 study). Clin Microbiol Infect 2001; 7: 532–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 887–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snydman DR. Shifting patterns in the epidemiology of nosocomial Candida infections. Chest 2003; 123: 500S–503S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lass-Flörl C. The changing face of epidemiology of invasive fungal disease in Europe. Mycoses 2009; 52: 197–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauffman CA, Vazquez JA, Sobel JD, . Prospective multicenter surveillance study of funguria in hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 14–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nett J, Andes D. Review of techniques for diagnosis of catheter- related Candida biofilm infections. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 2008; 2: 237–243.
   Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Lerma F, Nolla-Salas J, León C, . Candiduria in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care medical units. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 1069–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggimann P, Garbino J, Pittet D. Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3: 685–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo AL, Nucci M, Park BJ, . Epidemiology of Candidemia in Brazil: a nationwide sentinel surveillance of candidemia in eleven medical centers. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 2816–2823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krcmery V, Barnes AJ. Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. J Hosp Infect 2002; 50: 243–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okawa Y, Miyauchi M, Kobayashi H. Comparison of pathogenicity of various Candida tropicalis strains. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31: 1507–1510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva S, Negri M, Henriques M, . Silicone colonisation by non-Candida albicans Candida species in the presence of urine. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59: 747–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negri M, Martins M, Henriques M, . Examination of potential virulence factors of Candida tropicalis clinical isolates from hospitalized patients. Mycopathologia 2010; 169: 175–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bizerra FC, Nakamura CV, de Poersch C, . Characteristics of biofilm formation by Candida tropicalis and antifungal resistance. FEMS Yeast Research 2008; 8: 442–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawser SP, Douglas LJ. Biofilm formation by Candida species on the surface of catheter materials in vitro. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 915–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Fattani MA, Douglas LJ. Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: chemical composition and role in drug resistance. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55: 999–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nailis H, Vandenbroucke R, Tilleman K, . Monitoring ALS1 and ALS3 gene expression during in vitro Candida albicans biofilm formation under continuous flow conditions. Mycopathologia 2009; 167: 9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas LJ. Candida biofilms and their role in infection. Trends Microbiol 2003; 11: 30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramage G, Wickes B, López-Ribot J. A seed and feed model for the formation of Candida albicans biofilms under flow conditions using an improved modified Robbins device. Rev Iberoam Micol 2008; 25: 37–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepanović S, Vuković D, Ježek P, Pavlović M, Švabic-Vlahović M. Influence of dynamic conditions on biofilm formation by Staphylococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20: 502–504.
   Google Scholar
• Donlan R. Biofilms and device-associated infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 277–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andes D, Nett J, Oschel P, . Development and characterization of an in vivo central venous catheter Candida albicans biofilm model. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 6023–6031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uppuluri P, Chaturvedi A, Lopez-Ribot J. Design of a simple model of Candida albicans biofilms formed under conditions of flow: development, architecture, and drug resistance. Mycopathologia 2009; 168: 101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidler M, Salvenmoser S, Müller F-MC. Liposomal amphotericin B eradicates Candida albicans biofilm in a continuous catheter flow model. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10: 492–495.
   Google Scholar
• Silva S, Henriques M, Martins A, . Biofilms of non-Candida albicans Candida species: quantification, structure and matrix composition. Med Mycol 2009; 47: 681–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 1956; 28: 350–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oss CJ, Ju L, Chaudhury MK, Good RJ. Estimation of the polar parameters of the surface tension of liquids by contact angle measurements on gels. J Colloid Interf Sci 1989; 128: 313–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busscher HJ, Weerkamp AH, van der Mei HC, . Measurement of the surface free energy of bacterial cell surfaces and its relevance for adhesion. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48: 980–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogler EA. Structure and reactivity of water at biomaterial surfaces. Adv Colloid Interfac 1998; 74: 69–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti A, Chatterjee SS, Rao KLN, . Recent experience with fungaemia: change in species distribution and azole resistance. Scand J Infect Dis 2009; 41: 275–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo AL, Guimarães T, Silva LRBF, . Prospective observational study of candidemia in São Paulo, Brazil: incidence rate, epidemiology, and predictors of mortality. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 570–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucci M, Colombo AL. Candidemia due to Candida tropicalis: clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic characteristics of 188 episodes occurring in tertiary care hospitals. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 58: 77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulo C, Mourão C, Veiga PM, . Retrospective analysis of clinical yeast isolates in a hospital in the centre of Portugal: spectrum and revision of the identification procedures. Med Mycol 2009; 19: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Sellam A, Al-Niemi T, McInnerney K, . A Candida albicans early stage biofilm detachment event in rich medium. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9: 25.
   Google Scholar
• Uppuluri P, Chaturvedi AK, Srinivasan A, . Dispersion as an important step in the Candida albicans biofilm developmental cycle. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6: e1000828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho D, Gasparetto A, Svidzinski T. The effect of chlorhexidine and gentian violet on the adherence of Candida spp. to urinary catheters. Mycopathologia 2007; 163: 261–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa C, Teixeira P, Oliveira, R. Influence of Surface Properties on the Adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to Acrylic and Silicone. Int J Biomater 2009; doi:10.1155/2009/718017.
   Google Scholar
• Chatzinikolaou I, Raad I. Intravascular catheter-related infections: a preventable challenge in the critically ill. Semin Respir Infect 2000; 15: 264–271.
   Google Scholar
• Kazmierska K, Szwast M, Ciach T. Determination of urethral catheter surface lubricity. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19: 2301–2306.
   Google Scholar
• Uppuluri P, Dinakaran H, Thomas DP, Chaturvedi AK, Lopez-Ribot JL. Characteristics of Candida albicans biofilms grown in a synthetic urine medium. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 4078–4083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerca N, Martins S, Sillankorva S, . Effects of growth in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of dicloxacillin on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71: 8677–8682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankenship JR, Mitchell AP. How to build a biofilm: a fungal perspective. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 9: 588–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra J, Patel JD, Li J, . Modification of surface properties of biomaterials iInfluences the ability of Candida albicans to form biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71: 8795–8801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra J, Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, . Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance. J Bacteriol 2001; 183: 5385–5394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar