Genetic and phenotypic evaluation of Candida albicans strains isolated from subgingival biofilm of diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis

References

• Arendorf TM, Walker DM. The prevalence and intra-oral distribution of Candida albicans in man. Arch Oral Biol 1980; 25: 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belazi M, Velegraki A, Fleva A, . Candidal overgrowth in diabetic patients: potential predisposing factors. Mycoses 2005; 48: 192–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabra-Rizk MA, Falkler WA Jr, Merz WG, . Coaggregation of Candida dubliniensis with Fusobacterium nucleatum.J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1464–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velegraki A, Nicolatou O, Theodoridou M, Mostrou G, Legakis NJ. Paediatric AIDS-related linear gingival erythema: a form of erythematous candidiasis? J Oral Pathol Med 1999; 28: 178–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner JC, Watts CM, Xia T. Occurrence of Candida albicans in infections of endodontic origin. J Endod 2000; 26: 695-698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynaud AH, Nygaard-Østby B, Bøygard GK . Yeasts in periodontal pockets. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28: 860–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan K, Chang CJ, Hsu PC . Detection of putative periodontal pathogens in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-diabetes mellitus by polymerase chain reaction. J Periodontal Res 2001; 36:18–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portela MB, Souza IP, Costa EM . Differential recovery of Candida species from subgingival sites in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and healthy children from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 5925–5927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song X, Eribe ER, Sun J, Hansen BF, Olsen I. Genetic relatedness of oral yeasts within and between patients with marginal periodontitis and subjects with oral health. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40: 446–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwazeh AM, MacFarlane TW, McCuish A, Lamey PJ. Mixed salivary glucose levels and candidal carriage in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Oral Pathol Med 1991; 20: 280–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis AM, Coulter WA, Hayes JR, Bell P, Lamey PJ. Factors affecting the adhesion of Candida albicans to epithelial cells of insulin-using diabetes mellitus patients. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49: 291–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis AM, Coulter WA, Fulton CR . The influence of antifungal drugs on virulence properties of Candida albicans in patients with diabetes mellitus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 91: 317–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardi JC, Duque C, Mariano FS, . Candida spp. in periodontal disease: a brief review. J Oral Sci 2010; 52: 177–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hube B, Naglik J. Candida albicans proteinases: resolving the mystery of a gene family. Microbiology 2001; 147: 1997–2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanan N, Wang Y. A high-affinity iron permease essential for Candida albicans virulence. Science 2000; 288: 1062–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang CS, Chu FC, Leung WK . Phospholipase, proteinase and haemolytic activities of Candida albicans isolated from oral cavities of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56: 1393–1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredi M, McCullough MJ, Al-Karaawi ZM, Vescovi P, Porter SR. In vitro evaluation of virulence attributes of Candida spp. isolated from patients affected by diabetes mellitus. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2006; 21: 183–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hazen KC, Glee PM. Cell surface hydrophobicity and medically important fungi. Curr Top Med Mycol 1995; 6: 1–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hazen KC, Wu JG, Masuoka J. Comparison of the hydrophobic properties of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 779–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumitru R, Hornby JM, Nickerson KW. Defined anaerobic growth medium for studying Candida albicans basic biology and resistance to eight antifungal drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 2350–2354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson DJ, Stephen DW, Terrière EC. Analysis of the adaptive oxidative stress response of Candida albicans.FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 138: 83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa EA, Rached RN, Ignácio SA, . Phenotypic evaluation of the effect of anaerobiosis on some virulence attributes of Candida albicans. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57: 1277–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzo G, Barchiesi F, Falconi Di Francesco L, . Genotyping and antifungal susceptibility of human subgingival Candida albicans isolates. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47: 189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento E, Martinez R, Lopes AR, . Detection and selection of microsatellites in the genome of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis as molecular markers for clinical and epidemiological studies. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 5007–5014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardi JC, Duque C, Camargo GA, Hofling JF, Gonçalves RB. Periodontal conditions and prevalence of putative periodontopathogens and Candida spp. in insulin-dependent type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. A pilot study. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56: 1098–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price MF, Wilkinson ID, Gentry LO. Plate method for detection of phospholipase activity in Candida albicans.Sabouraudia 1982; 20: 7–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodrigues AG, Mårdh PA, Pina-Vaz C, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Fonseca AF. Germ tube formation changes surface hydrophobicity of Candida cells. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 222–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCullough MJ, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of genotypic Candida albicans subgroups and comparison with Candida dubliniensis and Candida stellatoidea. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 417–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellepola ANB, Samaranayake LP. Oral candidal infections and antimycotics CritRev Oral Biol Med 2000; 11: 172–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterson DE, Minah GE, Overholser CD, . Microbiology of acute periodontal infection in myelosuppressed cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1987; 5: 1461–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soysa NS, Samaranayake LP, Ellepola AN. Diabetes mellitus as a contributory factor in oral candidosis. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 455–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros LM, Boriollo MF, Alves AC, . Genetic diversity and exoenzyme activities of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis isolated from the oral cavity of Brazilian periodontal patients. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53: 1172–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga-Ito CY, Lyon JP, Vidotto V, de Resende MA. Virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates from oral candidosis patients and control individuals. Mycopathologia 2006; 161: 219–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugita T, Kurosaka S, Yajitate M, Sato H, Nishikawa A. Extracellular proteinase and phospholipase activity of three genotypic strains of a human pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. Microbiol Immunol 2002; 46: 881–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannula J, Dogan B, Slots J, Okte E, Asikainen S. Subgingival strains of Candida albicans in relation to geographical origin and occurrence of periodontal pathogenic bacteria. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2001; 16: 113–118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samaranayake YH, Dassanayake RS, Cheung BP, . Differential phospholipase gene expression by Candida albicans in artificial media and cultured human oral epithelium. APMIS 2006; 114: 857–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogasawara A, Odahara K, Toume M, . Change in the respiration system of Candida albicans in the lag and log growth phase. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29: 448–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manns JM, Mosser DM, Buckley HR. Production of a hemolytic factor by Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 5154–5156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo G, Samaranayake LP, Yau JY. Candida species exhibit differential in vitro hemolytic activities. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2971–2974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderone RA, Braun PC. Adherence and receptor relationships of Candida albicans. Microbiol Rev 1991; 55: 1–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva TM, Glee PM, Hazen KC. Influence of cell surface hydrophobicity on attachment of Candida albicans to extracellular matrix proteins. J Med Vet Mycol 1995; 33: 117–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamura M, Watanabe K, Mikami Y, Yazawa K, Nishimura K. Molecular characterization of new clinical isolates of Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis in Japan: analysis reveals a new genotype of C. albicans with group I intron. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 4309–4315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidotto V, Yumi Koga-Ito C . Correlation between germ tube production, phospholipase activity and serotype distribution in Candida albicans. Rev Iberoam Micol 1999; 16: 208–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar M, Mishra NK, Shukla PK. Sensitive and rapid polymerase chain reaction based diagnosis of mycotic keratitis through single stranded conformation polymorphism. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140: 851–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar