Dishwashers are a major source of human opportunistic yeast-like fungi in indoor environments in Mersin, Turkey

References

• de Hoog GS, Queiroz-Telles F, Haase G, et al. Black fungi: clinical and pathological approaches. Med Mycol 2000; 38(Suppl. 1): 243–250.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng JS, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, et al. Spectra of clinically relevant Exophiala species. J Clin Microbiol2007; 45: 3713–3720.
   Google Scholar
• Saunte DM, Tarazooie B, Arendrup MC, de Hoog GS. Black yeast-like fungi in skin and nail: it probably matters. Mycoses 2011; 55: 161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase G, Skopnik H, Groten T, Kusenbach G, Posselt HG. Long-term fungal cultures from patients with cystic fibrosis. Mycoses 1991; 34: 373–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiruma M, Kawada A, Ohata H, et al. Systemic phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala dermatitidis. Mycoses 1993; 36: 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondori N, Gilljam M, Lindblad A, et al. High rate of Exophiala dermatitidisrecovery in the airway of patients with cystic fibrosis is associated with pancreatic insufficiency. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 1004–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto T, Matsuto T, McGinnis MR, Ajello L. Clinical and mycological spectra of Wangiella dermatitidisinfections. Mycoses 1993; 36: 145–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CL, Kim DS, Park DJ, et al. Acute cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Wangiella dermatitidisaccompanied by cerebral fluid eosinophilia. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1965–1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Hoog GS, Matos T, Sudhadham M, Luijsterburg KF, Haase G. Intestinal prevalence of the neurotropic black yeast Exophiala(Wangiella) dermatitidisin healthy and impaired individuals. Mycoses 2005; 48: 142–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uijthof JMJ, de Hoog GS, de Cock AWAM, Takeo K, Nishimura K. Pathogenicity of strains of the black yeast Exophiala(Wangiella) dermatitidis: an evaluation based on polymerase chain reaction. Mycoses 1994; 37: 235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudhadham M, Gerrits van den Ende AHG, Sihanonth P, et al. Elucidation of distribution patterns and possible infection routes of the neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidisusing AFLP. Fungal Biol 2011; 115: 1051–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos T, de Hoog GS, de Boer AG, de Crom I, Haase G. High prevalence of the neurotrope Exophiala dermatitidisand related oligotrophic black yeasts in sauna facilities. Mycoses 2002; 45: 373–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian X, de Hoog GS. Indoor wet cells harbour melanized agents of cutaneous infection. Med Mycol 2010; 48: 622–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalar P, Novak M, de Hoog GS, Gunde-Cimerman N. Dishwashers – a man-made ecological niche accommodating human opportunistic fungal pathogens. Fungal Biol 2011; 115: 997–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudhadham M, Prakitsin S, Sivichai S, et al. The neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidishas a possible origin in the tropical rain forest. Stud Mycol 2008; 61: 145–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura K, Miyaji M. Studies on a saprophyte of Exophiala dermatitidisisolated from a humidifier. Mycopathologia 1982; 77: 173–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura K, Miyaji M, Taguchi H, Tanaka R. Fungi in bathwater and sludge of bathroom drainpipes. 1. Frequent isolation of Exophiala species. Mycopathologia 1987; 97: 17–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos T, Haase G, Gerrits van den Ende AHG, de Hoog GS. Molecular diversity of oligotrophic and neurotropic members of the black yeast genus Exophiala, with accent on E. dermatitidis. Ant Leeuw 2003; 83: 293–303.
   Google Scholar
• Turin L, Riva F, Galbiati G, Cainelli T. Fast, simple and highly sensitive double-rounded polymerase chain reaction assay to detect medically relevant fungi in dermatological specimens. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30: 511–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall TA. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98 NT. Nucl Acids Symp Ser 1999; 41: 95–98.
   Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, et al. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum persimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 2731–2739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alabaz D, Kibar F, Arıkan S, et al. Systemic phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala(Wangiella) dermatitidisin an immunocompetent child. Med Mycol 2009; 47: 653–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öztas E, Ödemis B, Kekilli M, et al. Systemic phaeohyphomycosis resembling primary sclerosing cholangitis caused by Exophiala dermatitidis. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58: 1243–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar