Thymol antifungal mode of action involves telomerase inhibition

References

• Loeffler J, Stevens DA. Antifungal drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: S31–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl-Biskup E, Saez F. Thyme. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Amin, G. Popular Medicinal Plants of Iran. Tehran, Iran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Zargari, A. Medicinal Plants. Tehran, Iran: Tehran University Press, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer KD, Garbe H, Surburg H. Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Karaman S, Digrak M, Ravid U, Ilcim A. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Thymus revolutus Celak from Turkey. Ethnopharmacology 2001; 76: 183–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel G, Simoes M, Figueiredo AC, et al. Composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Thymus caespititius, Thymus camphorates and Thymus mastichina. Food Chemistry 2004; 86: 183–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guseinov SY, Kagramanova KM, Kasumov FY, Akhundov RA. Studies on the chemical composition and on some aspects of the pharmacological action of the essential oil of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya 1987; 50: 73–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rustaiyan A, Masoudi S, Monfared A, et al. Volatile constituents of three Thymus species grown wild in Iran. PlantaMedica 2000; 66: 197–198.
   Google Scholar
• Sajjadi SE, Khatamsaz M. Composition of the essential oil of Thymus daenensis Celak. ssp lancifolius (Celak.) Jalas. J Essent Oil Res 2003; 15: 34–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickavar B, Mojab F, Dolat-Abadi R. Analysis of the essential oils of two Thymus species from Iran. Food Chemistry 2005; 90: 609–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad A, Khan A, Yousuf S, Khan LA, Manzoor N. Proton translocating ATPase mediated fungicidal activity of eugenol and thymol. Fitoterapia 2010; 81: 1157–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad A, Khan A, Akhtar F, et al. Fungicidal activity of thymol and carvacrol by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candida. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30: 41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad A, Khan A, Nikhat M. Reversal of efflux mediated antifungal resistance underlies synergistic activity of two monoterpenes with fluconazole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48: 80–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes RB, Lundblad V. Mechanisms of chromosome-end protection. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2002; 14: 351–356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walmsley RM, Petes TD. Genetic control of telomere length in yeast.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 506–510.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greider CW, Blackburn EH. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell 1985; 43: 405–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman F, Fink GR, Lawrence CW. Methods in Yeast Genetics: A Laboratory Manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• CLSI. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, approved standard M27- A3, 3rd edn. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Tong AH, Evangelista M, Parsons AB, et al. Systematic genetic analysis with ordered arrays of yeast deletion mutants. Science 2001; 294: 2364–2368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galván IJ, Mir-Rashed N, Jessulat M, et al. Antifungal and antioxidant activities of the phytomedicine pipsissewa, Chimaphilaumbellata. Phytochemistry 2008; 69: 738–746.
   Google Scholar
• Memarian N, Jessulat M, Alirezaie J, et al. Colony size measurement of the yeast gene deletion strains for functional genomics. BMC Bioinform 2007; 8, 117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hong EL, Balakrishnan R, Christie KR, et al. Saccharomyces Genome Database. http://www.yeastgenome.org/ (accessed August 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman CS, Winston F. A ten-minute DNA preparation from yeast efficiently releases autonomous plasmids for transformation of Escherichia coli. Gene 1987; 57: 267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Shampay J, Szostak JW, Blackburn EH. DNA sequences of telomeres maintained in yeast. Nature 1984; 310: 154–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alamgir M, Eroukova V, Jessulat M, Xu J, Golshani A. Chemical-genetic profile analysis in yeast suggests that a previously uncharacterized open reading frame, YBR261C, affects protein synthesis. BMC Genomics 2008; 9: 583.
   Google Scholar
• Miller J. Experiments in Molecular Genetics. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1972: 352–355.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffl MW, Horgan GW, Dempfle L. Relative expression software tool (REST) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30: e36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askree SH, Yehuda T, Smolikov S, et al. A genome-wide screen for Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants that affect telomere length. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 8658–8663.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edmonds D, Breitkreutz BJ, and Harrington L. A genome-wide telomere screen in yeast: the long and short of it all. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 9515–9516.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gatbonton T, Imbesi M, Nelson M, et al. Telomere length as a quantitative trait: genome-wide survey and genetic mapping of telomere length control genes in yeast. PLoS Genet 2006; 2: e35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shoie, AM, Elgayyar M, Dudrick PS, Bell JL, Tithof PK. In vitro inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis in cancer cell lines by thymoquinone. Int J Oncol 2003; 22: 107–113.
   Google Scholar
• Gali-Muhtasib H, Diab-Assaf M, Boltze C, et al. Thymoquinone extracted from black seed triggers apoptotic cell death in human colorectal cancer cells via a p53-dependent mechanism. Int J Oncol 2004; 25: 857–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurung RL, Lim SN, Khaw AK, et al. Thymoquinone induces telomere shortening, DNA damage and apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e12124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deb DD, Parimala G, Devi SS, Chakraborty T. Effect of thymol on peripheral blood mononuclear cell PBMC and acute promyelotic cancer cell line HL-60. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2011; 193: 97–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozdy AD, Cech TR. Low abundance of telomerase in yeast: implications for telomerase haploinsufficiency. RNA 2006; 12: 1721–1737.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teixeira MT, Arneric M, Sperisen P, Lingner J. Telomere length homeostasis is achieved via a switch between telomerase-extendible and non-extendible states. Cell 2004; 117: 323–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrizio P, Longo VD. The chronological life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 371: 89–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lingner J, Hughes TR, Shevchenko A, et al. Reverse transcriptase motifs on the catalytic subunit of telomerase. Science 1997; 276: 561–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer MS, Gottschling DE. TLC1: template RNA component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase. Science 1994; 266: 404–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olovnikov AM. A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon. J Theor Biol 1973; 41: 181–190.
   Google Scholar
• Mozdy AD, Podell ER and Cech TR. Multiple yeast genes, including Paf1 complex genes, affect telomere length via telomerase RNA abundance. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28: 4152–4161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lange T, De Pinho RA. Unlimited mileage from telomerase?Science 1999; 283: 947–949.
   Google Scholar
• Shay JW, Wright WE. Telomerase: a target for cancer therapeutics. Cancer Cell 2002; 2: 257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar