Observations of four children with severe cerebral palsy using a novel dynamic platform. A case report

References

• Stevenson RD, Conaway M, Barrington JW, Suthill SL, Worley G, Henderson RC. Fracture rate in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Rehabil. 2006;9:396–403.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Presedo A, Kirk W, Miller F. Fractures in patients with cerebral palsy. J Ped Orthop. 2007;27:147–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner CH, Takano Y, Owan I. Aging changes mechanical loading thresholds for bone formation in rats. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10:1544–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thissen J-P, Underwood LE, Ketelslegers J-M. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I in starvation and injury. Nutr Rev. 1999;57:167–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson RC, Kairalla JA, Barrington JW, Abbas A, Stevenson RD. Longitudinal changes in bone mass in children and adolescents with moderate to severe cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 2005;146:769–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner CH. Three rules for bone adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Bone. 1998;23:399–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson RC. Bone density and other possible predictors of fracture risk in children and adolescents with spastic quadriplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:224–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry YM, Fatayerji D, Eastell R. Attainment of peak bone mass at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and radius in men and women: Relative contributions of bone size and volumetric bone mass. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15:263–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilsanz V. Bone density in children: A review of the available techniques and indications. Eur J Radiol. 1998;26:177–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beals RK. Development changes in the femur and acetabulum in spastic paraplegia and diplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1969;11:303–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson-Bunke M, Hägglund G, Lauge-Pedersen H. Windswept hip deformity in children with cerebral palsy. J Ped Orthop. 2006;15:335–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter K, Baxter-Jones ADG, Mirwald RL, Almstedt H, Fuchs RK, Durski S, Snow C. Impact exercise increases BMC during growth: An 8-year longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23:986–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiart L, Durrah J, Kembhavi G. Stretching with children with cerebral palsy: What do we know and where are we going? Pediatr Phys Ther. 2008;20:173–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herman D, May R, Vogel L, Johnson J, Henderson RC. Quantifying weight-bearing by children with cerebral palsy while in passive standers. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007;19:283–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caulton JM, Ward KA, Alsop CW, Dunn G, Adams JE, Mughal MZ. A randomized controlled trial of a standing program on bone mineral density in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child. 2003;89:131–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CPUP – Swedish National Health Care Quality Programme for prevention of hip dislocation and severe contractures in Cerebral Palsy. Available in English at http://www.cpup.se/se/index.php/component/content/article/66.html. Accessed on 29 October 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Ölund A-K. Det är nu som räknas: Handbok i medicinsk omvårdnad av barn och ungdomar med svåra flerfunktionshinder [It is now that counts. Handbook of medical care of children and adolescents with severe multiple disabilities] [In Swedish]. Stockholm: Gothia; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Pin WT. Effectiveness of static weight-bearing exercises in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007;19: 62–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glickman LB, Geigle PR, Paleg GS. A systematic review of supported standing programs. J Ped Rehabil Med. 2010; 3:197–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eklund G, Steen M. Muscle vibration therapy in children with cerebral palsy. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1969;1:357.
   Google Scholar
• Cannon SE, Rues JP, Melnick ME, Guess D. Head-erect behavior among three preschool-aged children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 1987;67:1198–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlborg L, Andersson C, Julin P. Whole-body vibration training compared with resistance training: Effect on spasticity, muscle strength and motor performance in adults with cerebral palsy. J Rehab Med. 2007;38:302–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward K, Alsop C, Caulton J, Rubin C, Adams J, Mughal MZ. Low magnitude mechanical loading is osteogenic in children with disabling conditions. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19: 360–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark C, Nikopoulou-Smyrni P, Stabrey A, Semler O, Schoenau E. Effect of a new physiotherapy concept on bone mineral density, muscle force and gross motor function in children with bilateral cerebral palsy. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2010;10:151–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruck J, Chabot G, Rauch F. Vibration treatment in cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled pilot study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2010;10:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warden SJ, Fuchs RK, Castillo AB, Nelson IR, Turner CH. Exercise when young provides lifelong benefits to bone structure and strength. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:251–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garman R, Gaudette G, Donahue L-E, Rubin C, Judex S. Low-level accelerations applied in the absence of weight bearing can enhance trabecular bone formation. J Orthop Res. 2007;25:732–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozcivici E, Garman R, Judex S. High-frequency oscillatory motions enhance the simulated mechanical properties of non-weight bearing trabecular bone. J Biomech. 2007;40:3404–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:214–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock JW, Staudt LA. Functional outcomes following selective posterior rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 1991;74:380–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlberg J, Luo ZC, Albertsson-Wikland K. Body mass index reference values (mean and SD) for Swedish children. Acta Pediatrica. 2001;90:1427–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth GF. Piaget's theory of cognitive and affective development. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Tishya A.L. Wren, Xiaodong Liu, Pisit Pitukcheewanont, Vicente Gilsanz, and members of The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study. Bone acquisition in healthy children and adolescents: Comparisons of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography measures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1925–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chad KE, Bailey DA, McKay HA, Zello GA, Snyder RE. The effect of a weight-bearing physical activity program on bone mineral content and estimated volumetric density in children with spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 1999;135: 115–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin C, Judex S, Qin Y-X. Low-level mechanical signals and their potential as a non-pharmacological intervention for osteoporosis. Age Ageing. 2006;35(Suppl 2):ii32–ii36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lorenzen C, Maschette W, Koh M, Wilson C. Inconsistent use of terminology in whole body vibration exercise research. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12:676–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prisby RD, Lafage-Proust M-H, Malval L, Belli A, Vico L. Effects of whole body vibration on the skeleton and other organ systems in man and animal models: What we know and what we need to know. Ageing Res Rev. 2008;7:319–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abercromby AFJ, Amonette WE, Layne CS, McFarlin BK, Hinman MR, Paloski WH. Vibration exposure and biodynamic responses during whole-body vibration training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:1794–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar