The historical development of the concepts of diagnosis and prognosis and their relationship to probabilistic inference

References

• Jones W. H. S. Translation and commentary: ‘Ancient Medicine’. Philosophy and Medicine in Ancient Gréce. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1946; 66–67
   Google Scholar
• Hospers S J. An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis. Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, London 1967; 350–367
   Google Scholar
• Cohen H. The evolution of the concept of disease. Procédings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1953; 48: 155–160
   Google Scholar
• Engle R. L. Medical diagnosis: present, past and future: 11. Archives of Internal Medicine 1963; 112: 520–629
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein A. R. An analysis of diagnostic reasoning: I. The domains and disorders of clinical macrobiology. Yale Journal of Biological Medicine 1973; 46(3)212–232
   Google Scholar
• Kendell R. E. The Role of Diagnosis in Psychiatry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1975
   Google Scholar
• Scadding J. G. The semantics of medical diagnosis. Biomedical Computing 1963; 3: 83–90
   Google Scholar
• Zadeh L. A. Fuszysets, Information and Control 1965; 8: 338–353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crooks J., Murray I. P. C., Wayne E. J. Statistical methods applied to the clinical diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 1959; 20: 211–239
   Google Scholar
• Wittenborn J. R., Holzberg J. D., Simon B. Symptom correlates for descriptive diagnosis. Genetic Psychology Monographs 1953; 47: 238–301
   Google Scholar
• Eysknck II. J. Classification and the problem of diagnosis. Handbook of Abnormal Psychology. Pitman, London 1960; 1–31, lstedn
   Google Scholar
• Ropes M. W., Granville A. B., Conn S., Jacox R., Jhssfr R. A. Proposed diagnostic-criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 1957; 16: 118–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones L. D. Diagnosis of Rheumatic Fever. Journal of the American Medical Association 1944; 126: 481–484
   Google Scholar
• Nash F. A. Differential diagnosis an apparatus to assist the logical faculties. Lancet 1954; I: 874–875
   Google Scholar
• Essex B. J. Diagnostic pathways in clinical medicine. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1977
   Google Scholar
• Lively W. M., Szygenda S. A., Mize C. E. Modelling techniques for medical diagnosis: I. Heuristics and Learning Programs in selected neonatal hepatic disease. Computers in Biomedical Research 1973; 6: 393–410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mize C. E., Lively W. M., Szygenda S. A. Modelling techniques for medical diagnosis: II. Differential diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia. Computers in Biomedical Research 1976; 9: 239–245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonner R. E., Evangelisti C. J., Steinbeck II. D., Cohen L. The Diagnostic-Assistance Program. Methods of Information in Medicine 1966; 5: 114–128
   Google Scholar
• Edwards D. A. W. Flow Charts, Diagnostic Keys and Algorithms in the Diagnosis of Dysphagia. Scottish Medical Journal 1970; 15: 378–385
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiener F. Computer Simulation of the Diagnostic Process in Medicine. Computers in Biomedical Research 1975; 8: 129–142
   Google Scholar
• Bleich H. L. Computer Evaluation of Acid-Base Disorders. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1969; 48: 1689–1696
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinstein A. R. An analysis of Diagnostic Reasoning: III. The Construction of Clinical Algorithms. Yale Journal of Biological Medicine 1974; 47(1)5–32
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle A., Wardle L. Computer aided diagnosis a review of research. Methods of Information in Medicine 1978; 17(1)15–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ledley R. S., Lusted L. B. Reasoning foundations of medical diagnosis. Science 1959; 130: 9–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card W. I. Logical foundations of medicine. British Medical Journal 1970; 1: 718–720
   Google Scholar
• Warner H. R., Toronto A. F., Veasfy L. G. Experience with Bayes theorem for computer diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1964; 115: 558–567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall M. G., Stuart A. The Advanced Theory of Statistics. Charles Griffin, London 1977; 199–213
   Google Scholar
• Templeton A. W., Jansen C, Lehr J. L., Hufft R. Solitary pulmonary lesions, computer-aided differential diagnosis and evaluation of mathematical methods. Radiology 1967; 89: 605–613
   Google Scholar
• Cornfield J., Dunn R. A., Batchelor C. D., Pipberger H. Multigroup diagnosis of electrocardiodiagnosis. Computers in Biomedical Research 1973; 6: 97–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilden J., Bjerregaard B. Computer-aided diagnosis and the atypical case. Decision-Making in Medical Care: Can Information Science Help?, F. T. be Dombal, E. Gremy. North Holland, Amsterdam 1976; 365–378
   Google Scholar
• Salamon R., Derouesne C, Samson M., Bernadet M., Gremy F. Decision-making aids used to détérmine the content of medical teaching. Decision-Making in Medical Care: Can Information Science Help?, F. T. de Dombal, E. Gremy. North Holland, Amsterdam 1976; 227–237
   Google Scholar
• Fisher R. A. Annals of Eugenics, 7, 178–188. Collected papers of Fisher, J. H. Bennet. The University of Adelaide. 1936, 1973
   Google Scholar
• Aitcheson J., Aitken C. G. G. Multivariate binary discrimination by the kernel method. Biometrika 1976; 63: 413–420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson J. A. Separate sample logistic discrimination. Biometrika 1972; 59: 19–36
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skene A. M. Discrimination using latent structure models. Compstat 1978, Corsten, Hermans. Physica Verlag, Vienna 1978; 199–204
   Google Scholar
• Hilden J., Habbema J. D. F., Bjerregaard B. The measurement of performance in probabilistic diagnosis: II. Methods of Information in Medicine 1978; 17: 227–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilden J., Habbema J. D.F., Bjerregaard B. The measurement of performance in probabilistic diagnosis: III. Methods of Information in Medicine 1978; 17: 238–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habbema J. D. F. Personal communication. 1979
   Google Scholar
• Lenoir P
   Google Scholar
• Wagner G., Tautu P., Wolber U. Problems of medical diagnosis–a bibliography. Methods of Information in Medicine 1978; 17: 55–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Dombal F. T., Leapek D. J., Stanieand J. R., McCann A. P., Horrocks J. C. Computer-aided diagnosis of acute abdominal pain. British Medical Journal 1972; II: 9–13
   Google Scholar
• Nugent C. A. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. The Diagnostic Process, J. A. Jacquez. Malloy Lithographing, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1964; 185–201
   Google Scholar
• Plotz C. M., Knowlton A. I., Regan C. The natural history of Cushing's syndrome. American Journal of Medicine 1952; 13: 597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knill-Jones R. P., Stern R. B., Girmes D. H., Maxwell J. D., Thompson R. P. H., Williams R. Use of sequential Bayesian model in diagnosis of jaundice by computer. British Medical Journal 1973; I: 530–533
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein A. R. An analysis of diagnostic reasoning: II. The strategy of intermediate reasoning. Yale Journal of Biological Medicine 1973; 46(4)264–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black D. A. K. Diagnosis in renal disease: II. British Medical Journal 1970; 2: 387–389
   Google Scholar
• Gorry G. A., Pai'ker S. G., Schwarz W. B. The diagnostic importance of a normal finding. New England Journal of Medicine 1978; 298: 486–489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Neuman J., Mokgenstern O. Theory of games and economic behaviour. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 1944
   Google Scholar
• Card W. I., Good I. J. Mathematical structure, of clinical medicine. University Press, Edinburgh 1973
   Google Scholar
• Lindley D. V. The role of utility and decision-making. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians 1975; 9: 225–230
   Google Scholar
• Emerson P. A. Decision theory in the prevention of thromboembolism after myocardial infarction. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians 1975; 9: 238–251
   Google Scholar
• Gorry G. A., Barnett G. O. Experience with a model of sequential diagnosis. Computers in Biomedical Research 1968; 1: 490–507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dumitriu A. Socrates' reaction: Plato. History of Logic. Abacus Press, Tunbridge Wells 1977; 103–127
   Google Scholar
• Maistrov L. E. Probability theory, S. Kotz. Academic Press, New York and London 1974, English translation by
   Google Scholar
• David F. N. Games, gods and gambling. Griffin, London 1962
   Google Scholar
• Laplace P. S. A philosophical essay on probabilities, F. W. Trustcott, F. L. Emory. Dover, New York 1820; 185–196, 1951, English translation by
   Google Scholar
• Kolmogorov A. N. Foundations of the theory of probability, 2nd edn., N. Morrison. Chelsea Publishing Co., New York 1933, English translation by
   Google Scholar
• Bayes T. Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 1763; 53: 370–417
   Google Scholar
• Fisher R. A. Statistical methods and scientific inference, 2nd edn. Oliver and Bovd, Edinburgh 1959; 8–17
   Google Scholar
• Bayes T. Thomas Bayes essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances (Studies in the history of probability and statistics 9). Reproduced from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1958; 45: 293–315, with a biographical note by G. A. Barnard, Series A, (1973), Biometrika
   Google Scholar
• Editorial. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians 1975; 9: 3
   Google Scholar
• Lindley D. V. Introduction to Probability and Statistics. Probability. Cambridge University Press. 1965; Vol. I: 1–48
   Google Scholar
• de Finetti B. Theory of probability, A. Machi, S. Smith. John Wiley & Sons, London 1974; Vol. 1: 139–140, English translation by
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey F. P. The foundations of mathematics. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London 1931
   Google Scholar
• Savage L. J. The foundations of statistics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1954
   Google Scholar
• Von Mises R. Probability and statistics, English edn. Academic Press, New York 1964
   Google Scholar
• Eves H. An introduction to the history of mathematics. Holt, Reinhart & Winston, New York 1976
   Google Scholar
• Kingman J. F. C., Taylor S. J. Set functions. Introductions to Measure and Probability. Cambridge University Press. 1973; 51–73
   Google Scholar