Appropriate maternal weight gain in singleton and twin pregnancies: what is the evidence?

References

• American Dietetic Association. (2008). Position of the American Dietetic Association. Nutrition and Lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108, 533–561.
   Google Scholar
• Arrowsmith, S., Wray, S., Quenby, S. (2011). Maternal obesity and labour complications following induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 118, 578–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard, C. K., Bricker, L., Reed, K., Wood, L., Neilson, J. P. (2011). Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), CD008867.
   Google Scholar
• Butte, N. F. King, J. C. (2005). Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Public health nutrition, 8(7A), 1010–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries and Royal College of Obstetrician and Gynaecologists. (2010). CMACE and RCOG Joint Guideline. Management of Women with Obesity in Pregnancy. London: CMACE & RCOG.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE). (2010). Maternal obesity in the UK: Findings from a national project. London: CMACE.
   Google Scholar
• Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA). (1991). Dietary Reference Values. London: Department of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Dolinsky, D. H., Perrin, E. C. (2011). Recognising and preventing childhood obesity. Modern Medicine, Jan 1. Available at http://license.icopyright.net/user/viewFreeUse.act?fuid=MTIxMzQyMzI%3D.
   Google Scholar
• Durnin, J. V. G. A. (1991). Energy requirements of pregnancy. Diabetes, 40, 152–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehrenberg, H. M., Dierker, L., Milluzzi, C., Mercer, B. M. (2003). Low maternal weight, failure to thrive in pregnancy, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 189, 1726–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, N. S., Rebarber, A., Roman, A. S., Klauser, C. K., Peress, D., Saltzman, D. H. (2010). Weight gain in twin pregnancies and adverse outcomes: examining the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines. Obstetrics and gynecology, 116, 100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey, K. M., Sheppard, A., Gluckman, P. D., Lillycrop, K. A., Burdge, G. C., McLean, C. et al. (2011). Epigenetic gene promoter methylation at birth is associated with child’s later adiposity. Diabetes, 60, 1528–1534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnight, W., Newman, R.; Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. (2009). Optimal nutrition for improved twin pregnancy outcome. Obstetrics and gynecology, 114, 1121–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heslehurst, N., Ells, L. J., Simpson, H., Batterham, A., Wilkinson, J., Summerbell, C. D. (2007). Trends in maternal obesity incidence rates, demographic predictors, and health inequalities in 36,821 women over a 15-year period. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 114, 187–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (Subcommittee on Nutritional Status and Weight Gain During Pregnancy and Dietary Intake and Nutrient Supplements During Pregnancy, Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation, Food and Nutrition Board). (1990). Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part 1, Weight Gain; Part 2, Nutrient Supplements. Washington DC: National Academy.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (Committee to Re-examine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines, Food and Nutrition Board on Children, Youth, and Families). (2009). Weight Gain During Pregnancy: re-examining the Guidelines. In: Rasmussen, K. M. &Yaktine, A. L. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ledger, W., Anders, R. A., O’Brien, P. (2011). Multiplepregnancy following assisted reproduction. Human Fertility, 14, 3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Luke, B. (1998). What is the influence of maternal weight gain on the fetal growth of twins? Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 41, 56–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, B., Hediger, M. L., Nugent, C., Newman, R. B., Mauldin, J. G., Witter, F. R. et al. (2003). Body mass index–specific weight gains associated with optimal birth weights in twin pregnancies. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 48, 217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, B. (2005). Nutrition and multiple gestation. Seminars in perinatology, 29, 349–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mills, T. (2010). Review of Obesity in Pregnancy in the UK. In: Richens, Y &Lavender, T. (Eds). Care for Pregnant Women who are Obese. London: Quay Books: 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. (1980). 1980 US National Natality Survey. Washington: National Center for Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). (2006). Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children. London: NICE.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). (2008). Antenatal Care: Routine Care for Healthy Pregnant Women. London: NICE.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). (2010).Dietary interventions and physical activity interventions for weight management before, during and after pregnancy. NICE public health guidance 27, London, NICE.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). (2011). Multiple Pregnancy: the management of twin and triplet pregnancies in the ante-natal period. NICE Clinical Guideline 129. London, NICE.
   Google Scholar
• Netmums and the Royal Collage of Midwives. (2010). A growing problem. Does weight matter in pregnancy? London: Netmums and RCM.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, C. M. (2008). Achieving a healthy weight gain during pregnancy. Annual Review of Nutrition, 28, 411–423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pederson, A. L., Worthington-Roberts, B., Hickok, D. E. (1989). Weight gain patterns during twin gestation. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 89, 642–646.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rasmussen, K. M., Catalano, P. M., Yaktine, A. L. (2009). New guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy: what obstetrician/gynecologists should know. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, 21, 521–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, H. (2011). Weight management before, during and after pregnancy – what are the ‘rules’? Nutrition Bulletin, 36, 212–215.
   Google Scholar
• Roselló-Soberón, M. E., Fuentes-Chaparro, L., Casanueva, E. (2005). Twin pregnancies: eating for three? Maternal nutrition update. Nutrition reviews, 63, 295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gyneacologists. (2010). Nutrition in Pregnancy. Scientific Advisory Committee Opinion Paper 18. London: RCOG.
   Google Scholar
• Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) Subgroup on Maternal and Child Nutrition (SMCN). (2010). The influence of maternal, fetal and child nutrition on the development of chronic disease in later life. Draft Report, Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. London: Department of Health, February.
   Google Scholar
• Simões, T., Cordeiro, A., Júlio, C., Reis, J., Dias, E., Blickstein, I. (2008). Perinatal outcome and change in body mass index in mothers of dichorionic twins: a longitudinal cohort study. Twin research and human genetics: the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, 11, 219–223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stothard, K. J., Tennant, P. W., Bell, R., Rankin, J. (2009). Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 636–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanathan, M.,Siega-Riz, A. M., Moos, M. K., Deierl, N. A., Mumfor, S.,Knaak, J., Thieda, P.,Lux, L. J. Loh, R. K. (2008). Outcomes of maternal weight gain. Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments No. 168. Rockville, Maryland: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US): May.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. L., Creasy, R. K., Cunningham, G. C. (1982). Fetal growth and perinatal viability in California. Obsterics and Gynecology, 59, 624–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, C. S. (2006). Nutrition in Pregnancy. British Nutrition Foundation Bulletin, 31, 28–59.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (1995). Maternal anthropometry and pregnancy outcomes. A WHO collaborative study. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 73, S1–69.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series No. 724. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar