Deleterious effects of obesity upon the hormonal and molecular mechanisms controlling spermatogenesis and male fertility

References

• Agarwal, A., Nandipati, K.C., Sharma, R.K., Zippe, C.D., & Raina, R. (2006). Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiological mechanism of erectile dysfunction. Journal of Andrology, 27, 335–347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agbaje, I.M., Rogers, D.A., McVicar, C.M., McClure, N., Atkinson, A.B., Mallidis, C., & Lewis, S.E.M. (2007). Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: implications for male reproductive function. Human Reproduction, 22, 1871–1877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggerholm, A.S., Thulstrup, A.M., Toft, G., Ramlau-Hansen, C.H. & Bonde, J.P. (2008). Is overweight a risk factor for reduced semen quality and altered serum sex hormone profile? Fertility and Sterility, 90, 619–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken, J.R., & Baker, M.A. (2006). Oxidative stress, sperm survival and fertility control. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 250, 66–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akingbemi, B.T. (2005). Oestrogen regulation of testicular function. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 3, 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anawalt, B.D. (2013). Approach to Male Infertility and Induction of Spermatogenesis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 98, 3532–3542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz, N., Saleh, R.A., Sharma, R.K., Lewis-Jones, I., Esfandiari, N., Thomas, A.J., & Agarwal, A. (2004). Novel association between sperm reactive oxygen species production, sperm morphological defects, and the sperm deformity index. Fertility and Sterility, 81, 349–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakos, H.W., Henshaw, R.C., Mitchell, M., & Lane, M. (2011a). Paternal body mass index is associated with decreased blastocyst development and reduced live birth rate following assisted reproductive technology. Fertility and Sterility, 95, 1700–1704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakos, H.W., Mitchell, M., Setchell, B.P., & Lane, M. (2011b). The effect of paternal diet-induced obesity on sperm function and fertilization in a mouse model. International Journal of Andrology, 34, 402–410.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barres, R. & Zierath, J.R. (2011). DNA methylation in metabolic disorders. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93, 897S–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabler, S., Agarwal, A., Flint, M., & du Plessis, S.S. (2010). Obesity: modern man's fertility nemesis. Asian Journal of Andrology, 12, 480–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavarro, J. E., Toth, T. L., Wright, D. L., Meeker, J. D. & Hauser, R. (2010). Body mass index in relation to semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, and serum reproductive hormone levels among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertility and Sterility, 93, 2222–2231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colaci, D.S., Afeiche, M., Gaskins, A.J., Wright, D.L., Toth, T.L., Tanrikut, C., Hauser, R. & Chavarro, J.E. (2012). Men's body mass index in relation to embryo quality and clinical outcomes in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, 98, 1193–1199.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Considine, R.V., Sinha, M.K., Heiman, M.L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T.W., Nyce, M.R., et al. (1996). Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 292–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona, P., Aljada, A., Chaudhuri, A., Mohanty, P., & Garg, R. (2005). Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation, 111, 1448–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daxinger, L., & Whitelaw, E. (2012). Understanding transgenerational epigenetic inheritance via the gametes in mammals. Nature Reviews Genetics, 13, 153–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duale, N., Steffensen, I.L., Andersen, J., Brevik, A., Brunborg, G., & Lindeman, B. (2014). Impaired sperm chromatin integrity in obese mice. Andrology, 2, 234–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Plessis, S.S., Cabler, S., McAlister, D.A., Sabanegh, E. & Agarwal, A. (2010). The effect of obesity on sperm disorders and male infertility. Nature Reviews Urology, 7, 153–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, M.L., Kim, S., Chen, Z., Sundaram, R., Schisterman, E.F., & Buck Louise, G.M. (2014). The relationship between male BMI and waist circumference on semen quality: data from the LIFE study. Human Reproduction, 29, 193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Hajj, N., Zechner, U., Schneider, E. Tresch, A., Gromoll, J., Hahn, T., et al. (2011). Methylation status of imprinted genes and repetitive elements in sperm DNA from infertile males. Sexual Development, 5, 60–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkhiat, Y., & Fahmy, I. (2011). Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of male infertility. Human Andrology, 1, 35–38.
   Google Scholar
• Esposito, K., Giugliano, F., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, G., Marfella, R., D’Andrea, F., et al. (2004). Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 2978–2984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooq, R., Lutfullah, S., & Ahmed, M. (2014). Serum leptin levels in obese infertile men and women. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27, 67–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farthing, C.R., Ficz, G., Ng, R.K., Chan, C.F., Andrews, S., Dean, W., et al. (2008). Global mapping of DNA methylation in mouse promoters reveals epigenetic reprogramming of pluripotency genes. PLOS Genetics, 4, e1000116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fariello, R.M., Pariz, J.R., Spaine, D.M., Cedenho, A.P., Bertolla, R.P., & Fraietta, R. (2012). Association between obesity and alteration of sperm DNA integrity and mitochondrial activity. British Journal of Urology, 110, 63–867.
   Google Scholar
• Fejes, I., Koloszár, S., Szöllosi, J., Závaczki, Z., & Pál, A. (2005). Is semen quality affected by male body fat distribution? Andrologia, 37, 155–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fejes, I., Koloszar, S., Zavaczki, Z., Daru, J., Szollosi, J., & Pal, A. (2006). Effect of body weight on testosterone/estradiol ratio in oligozoospermic patients. Archives of Andrology, 52, 971–972.
   Google Scholar
• Finucane, M.M., Stevens, G.A., Cowan, M.J., Danaei, G., Lin, J.K., Paciorek, C.J., et al. (2011). National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants. The Lancet, 377, 557–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, S., Yelumalai, S., Jones, C., & Coward, K. (2014). Aberrant protamine content in sperm and consequential implications for infertility treatment. Human Fertility, 17, 80–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz, M.A. & Speroff, L. (2011). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 8th Ed. (pp. 1137, 1249). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Fullston, T., Palmer, N.O., Owens, J.A., Mitchell, M., Bakos, H.W., & Lane, M. (2012). Diet-induced paternal obesity in the absence of diabetes diminishes the reproductive health of two subsequent generations of mice. Human Reproduction, 27, 1391–1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gapp K., Jawald, A., Sarkies, P., Bohacek, J., Pelczar, P., Prados, J., et al. (2014). Implication of sperm RNAs in transgenerational inheritance of the effects of early trauma in mice. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 667–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaucher, J., Reynoird, N., Montellier, E., Boussouar, F., Rousseaux, S., & Khochbin, S. (2010). From meiosis to post meiotic events: the secrets of histone disappearance. Federation of European Biochemical Societies, 277, 599–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanayem, B.I., Bai, R., Kissling, G.E., Travlos, G., & Hoffler, U. (2010). Diet-induced obesity in male mice is associated with reduced fertility and potentiation of acrylamide-induced reproductive toxicity. Biology of Reproduction, 82, 96–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjkacem, L.L., Hadjkacem, H., Bahloul, A., & Ayadi, H. (2015). Relation between male obesity and male infertility in a Tunisian population. Andrologia, 47, 282–285. Doi:10.1111/12257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajshafiha, M., Ghareaghaji, R., Salemi, S., Sadegh-Asadi, N., & Sadeghi-Bazargani, H. (2013). Association of body mass index with sme fertility markers among male partners of infertile couples. International Journal of General Medicine, 6, 447–451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammoud, A.O., Gibson, M., Peterson, C.M., Hamilton, B.D., & Carrell, D.T. (2006). Obesity and male reproductive potential. Journal of Andrology, 27, 619–626.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammoud, A.O., Gibson, M., Peterson, C.M., Meikle, A.W., & Carrell, D. T. (2008). Impact of male obesity on infertility: a critical review of the current literature. Fertility and Sterility, 90, 897–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammoud, A.O., Meikle, A.W., Reis, L.O., Gibson, M., Peterson, M., & Carrell, T. (2012). Obesity and male infertility: a practical approach. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 30, 486–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handelsman, D.J., & Swerdloff, R.S, (1985). Male gonadal dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 14, 89–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinz, S., Rais-Bahrami, S., Kempkensteffen, C., Weiske, W.H., Miller, K. & Magheli, A. (2010). Effect of obesity on sex hormone levels, antisperm antibodies, and fertility after vasectomy reversal. Urology, 76, 851–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofny, E.R., Ali, M.E., Abdel-Hafez, H.Z., Kamal, D., Mohamed, E.E., Abd ElAzeem, H.G., & Mostafa, T. (2010). Semen parameters and hormonal profile in obese fertile and infertile males. Fertility and Sterility, 94, 581–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, T., Fujioka, H., Ishimura, T., Takenaka, A. & Fujisawa, M. (2007). Expression of leptin and leptin receptor in the testis of fertile and infertile patients. Andrologia, 39, 22–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidori, A.M., Caprio, M., Strollo, F., Moretti, C., Frajese, G., Isidori, A., & Fabbri, A. (1999). Leptin and androgens in male obesity: evidence for leptin contribution to reduced androgen levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 3673–3680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, T., & Carrell, D.T. (2012). Sperm specific chromatin modifications and their impact on the paternal contribution to the embryo. Reproduction, 146, REP110450.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, T.K., Andersson, A.M., Jorgensen, N., Andersen, A.G., Carlsen, E., Petersen, J.H., & Skakkebaek, N.E. (2004). Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormonesamong 1,558 Danish men. Fertility and Sterility, 82, 863–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, T.H. (2010). Testosterone deficiency: a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 21, 496–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jope, T., Lammert, A., Kratzsch, J., Paash, U., & Glander, H. (2003). Leptin and leptin receptor in human seminal plasma and in human spermatozoa. International Journal of Andrology, 26, 335–341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasturi, S.S., Tannir, J., & Brannigan, R.E. (2008). The metabolic syndrome and male infertility. Journal of Andrology, 29, 251–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaukua, J., Pekkarinen, T., Sane, T., & Mustajoki, P. (2003). Sex hormones and sexual function in obese men losing weight. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 11, 689–694.
   Google Scholar
• Keltz, J., Zapantis, A., Jindal, S.K., Lieman, H.J., Santoro, N., & Polotsky, A.J. (2010). Overweight men: clinical pregnancy after ART is decreased in IVF but not ICSI cycles. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 27, 539–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, J.B., Millar, M., Maddocks, S., & Sharpe, R.M. (1993a). Stage-dependent changes in spermatogenesis and Sertoli cells in relation to the onset of spermatogenic failure following withdrawal of testosterone. Anatomical Record, 235, 547–559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerr, J.B., Savage, G.N., Millar, M., & Sharpe, R.M. (1993b). Response of the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis to withdrawal of androgen: evidence for direct effect upon intracellular spaces associated with Sertoli cell junctional complexes. Cell and Tissue Research, 274, 153–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kort, H.I., Massey, J.B., Elsner, C.W., Mitchell-Leef, D., Shapiro, D.B., Witt, M.A., & Roudebush, W.E. (2006). Impact of Body Mass Index Values on Sperm Quantity and Quality. Journal of Andrology, 27, 450–452.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kriegel, T.M., Heidrenreich, F., Kettner, K., Pursche, T., Hoflack, B., Grunewald, S., et al. (2009). Identification of diabetes- and obesity-associated proteomic changes I nhuman spermatozoa by difference gel electrophoresis. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 19, 660–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalancette, C., Platts, A.E., Johnson, G.D., Emery, B.R., Carrell, D.T., & Krawetz, S.A. (2009). Identification of human sperm transcripts as candidate markers of male fertility. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 87, 735–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Vignera, S., Condorelli, R.A., Vicari, E. & Calogero, A.E. (2012). Negative Effect of Increased Body Weight on Sperm Conventional and Nonconventional Flow Cytometric Sperm Parameters. Journal of Andrology, 33, 53–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lei, S., Qipeng, Z., Binqiang, X., Xiaohong, J., Yutian, D., Chenyu, Z., & Ke, Z. (2014). Sustained high protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B activity in the sperm of obese males impairs the sperm acrosome reaction. Journal Biological Chemistry, 289, 8432–8441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., Law, C., LoConte, R., & Power, C. (2009). Intergenerational influences on childhood body mass index: the effect of parental body mass index trajectories. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 551–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luboshitzky, R., Kaplan-Zverling, M., Shen-Orr., Z., Nave, R. & Here, P. (2002). Seminal plasma androgen/oestrogen balance in infertile men. International Journal of Andrology, 25, 345–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacDonald, A., Herbison, G., Showell, M. & Farquhar, C. (2010). The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 16, 293–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques, C.J., Joao, M.P., Carvalho, F., Bieche, I., Barros, A., & Sousa, M. (2011). DNA methylation imprinting marks and DNA methyltransferase expression in human spermatogenic cell stages. Epigenetics, 6, 1354–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini, A., Tissera, A., Estofan, D., Molina, R., Mangeaud, A., Cuneo, M., & Ruiz, R.D. (2010). Overweight and seminal quality: a study of 794 patients. Fertility and Sterility, 94, 1739–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascarenhas, M. N., Flaxman, S.R., Boerma, T., Vanderpoel, S., & Stevens, G.A. (2012). National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: a systematic analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS Medicine, 9, e1001356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meldrum, D.R., Gambone, J.C., Morris, MA., Esposito, K., Giugliano, D., & Ignarro, .J. (2012). Lifestyle and metabolic approaches to maximizing erectile and vascular health. International Journal of Impotence Research, 24, 61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. & Ostermeier, G.C. (2006). Towards a better understanding of RNA carriage by ejaculate spermatozoa. Human Reproduction Update, 12, 757–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minor, A., Chow, Z., & Ma, S. (2011). Aberrant DNA methylation at imprinted genes in testicular sperm retrieved from men with obstructive azoospermia and undergoing vasectomy reversal. Reproduction, 141, 749–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, M., Fullston, T., Palmer, N.O., Bakos, H.W., Owens, J.A., & Lane, M. (2010). The effect of paternal obesity in mice on reproductive and metabolic fitness of F1 male offspring. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 22, 21–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanassy, L., & Carrell, D.T. (2011). Analysis of the methylation pattern of six gene promoters in sperm of men with abnormal protamination. Asian Journal of Andrology, 13, 342–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. (1998). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults - the evidence report. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 6(Suppl 2), 51S–209S.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, S.F., Lin, R.C., Laybutt, D.R., Barress, R., Owens, J.A. & Morris, M.J. (2010). Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs beta-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature, 467, 963–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, R., Wilcox, A., Skjærven, R. & Baird, D. (2007). Men's body mass index and infertility. Human Reproduction, 22, 2488–2493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicopoulou, S.C., Alexiou, M., Michalakis, K., Illias, I., Venaki, E., Koukkou, E., et al. (2009). Body mass index vis-à-vis total sperm count in attendees of a single andrology clinic. Fertility and Sterility, 92, 1016–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niskanen, L., Laasksonen, D.E., Punnonen, K., Mustajoki, P., Kaukua, J., Rissanen, A. (2004). Changes in sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone during weight loss and weight maintenance in abdominally obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, 6, 208–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooi, S.L., & Henikoff, S. (2007). Germline histone dynamics and epigenetics. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 19, 257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostermeier, G.C., Miller, D., Huntriss, J.D., Diamond, M.P., & Krawetz, S.A. (2004). Reproductive biology: delivering spermatozoan RNA to the oocyte. Nature, 429, 154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacey, A.A., Povey, A.C., Clyma, J.A., McNamee, R., Moore, H.D., Baillie, H., Cherry, N.M., and Participating Centres of Chaps-UK. (2014). Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for poor sperm morphology. Human Reproduction, 29, 1629–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, N.O., Fulston, T., Mitchell, M., Setchell, B.P., & Lane, M. (2011). SIRT6 in mouse spermatogenesis is modulated by diet-induced obesity. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 23, 929–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, N.O., Bakos, H.W., Fullston, T. & Lane, M. (2012a). Impact of obesity on male fertility, sperm function and molecular composition. Spermatogenesis, 2, 253–263.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmer, N.O., Bakos, H.W., Owens, J.A., Setchell, B.P., & Lane, M. (2012b). Diet and exercise in an obese mouse fed a high-fat diet improve metabolic health and reverse perturbed sperm function. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 302, E768–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, C., Melton, D.W., & Saunders, P.T. (2008). Do heat stress and deficits in DNA repair pathways have a negative impact on male fertility? Molecular Human Reproduction, 14, 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauli, E.M., Legro, R.S., Demers, L.M., Kunselman, A.R., Dodson, W.C., & Lee, P.A. (2008). Diminished paternity and gonadal function with increasing obesity in men. Fertility and Sterility, 90, 346–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradowska-Dogan, A., Fernandez, A., Bergmann, M., Kretzer, K., Mallidis, C., Vieweg, M., et al. (2014). Protamins mRNA ratio in stallion spermatozoa correlates with mare fecundity. Andrology, 2, 521–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali, R., Patton, L., & Gambineri, A. (2007). Obesity and infertility. Current Opinions in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 14, 482–487.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petersen, G.L., Schmidt, L., Pinborg, A., & Kamper-Jørgensen, M. (2013). The influence of female and male body mass index on live births after assisted reproductive technology treatment: a nationwide register-based cohort study. Fertility and Sterility, 99, 1654–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povey, A.C., Clyma, J.A., McNamee, R., Moore, H.D., Baillie, H., Pacey, A.A., Cherry, N.M., and Participating Centres of Chaps-UK. (2012). Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for poor semen quality: a case-referent study. Human Reproduction, 27, 2799–2806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raman, J.D. & Schlegel, P.N. (2002). Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. Journal of Urology, 167, 624–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramlau-Hansen, C.H., Thulstrup, A.M., Nohr, E.A., Bonde, J.P., Sorensen, T.I., & Olsen, J. (2007). Subfecundity in overweight and obese couples. Human Reproduction, 22, 1634–1637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramlau-Hansen, C.H., Hansen, M., Jensen, C.R., Olsen, J., Bonde, J.P., & Thurstrup, A.M. (2010). Semen quality and reproductive hormones according to birthweight and body mass index in childhood and adult life: two decades of follow up. Fertility and Sterility, 94, 610–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, P.M., Kelly, D.M., & Jones, T.H. (2013). Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 9, 479–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, M.Y., Amory, J.K., & Page, S.T. (2008). Treatment of male infertility secondary to morbid obesity. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism, 4, 415–419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruwanpura, S.M., McLachlan, R.I., & Maechem, S.J. (2010). Hormonal regulation of male germ cell development. Journal of Endocrinology, 205, 117–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, L.O. & Dias, F.G.F. (2012). Male Fertility, Obesity, and Bariatric Surgery. Reproductive Sciences, 19, 778–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlegel, P.N. (2012). Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. Fertility and Sterility, 98, 1359–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schliep, K.C., Mumford, S.L., Ahrens, K.A., Hotaling, J.M., Carrell, D.T., Link, M., et al. (2015). Effect of male and female body mass index on pregnancy and live birth success after in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, 103, 388–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, G., Kirschner, M. A., Berkowitz, R. & Ertel, N. H. (1979). Increased oestrogen production in obese men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 48, 633–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sendler, E., Johnson, G.D., Mao, S., Goodrich, R.J., Diamon, M.P., Hauser, R. & Krawetz, S.A. (2013). Stability, delivery and functions of human sperm RNAs at fertilization. Nucleic Acids Research, 41, 4104–4117. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sermondade, N., Faure, C., Fezeu, L., Shayeb, A.G., Bonde, J.P., Jensen, T.K., et al. (2013). BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 19, 221–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R., Biedenharn, K.R., Fedor, J.M., & Agarwal, A. (2013). Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: taking control of your fertility. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 11, doi:10.1186/1477-7827-11-66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiraishi, K., Takihara, H., & Matsuyama, H. (2010). Elevated scrotal temperature, but not varicocele grade, reflects testicular oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. World Journal of Urology, 28, 359–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulka, K.K., Chamial, S., Dwivedi, S., Misra, S., & Sharma, P. (2014). Recent scenario of obesity and male fertility. Andrology, 2, 809–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefan, N., Haring, H.U., Hu, F.B., & Schulze, M.B. (2013). Meta bolically healthy obesity: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical implications. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 2, 152–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svartberg, J., vonMuhlen, D., Sundsfjord, J., & Jorde, R. (2004). Waist circumference and testosterone levels in community dwelling men. The Tromso study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 19, 657–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan, S.H, Elkin, E.P., & Fenster, L. (2000). The question of declining sperm density revisited: an analysis of 101 studies published 1934–1996. Environmental Health Perspective, 108, 961–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchernof, A., Despres, J.P., Belanger, A., Dupont, A., Prudhomme, D., Morrjani, S., et al. (1995). Reduced testosterone and adrenal C19 steroid levels in obese men. Metabolism, 44, 513–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunc, O., Bakos, H.W., & Tremellen, K. (2011). Impact of body mass index on seminal oxidative stress. Andrologia, 43, 121–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunc, O., & Tremellen, K. (2009). Oxidative DNA damage impairs global sperm DNA methylation in infertile men. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 26, 537–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, P., Mariman, E., Renes, J., & Keijer, J. (2008). The secretory function of adipocytes in the physiologu of white adiose tissue. Journal of Cell Physiology, 216, 3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters, S.J., Wang, C., Abderlrahaman, E., HAdeed, V., Dyky, M.A., & Brufsky, A. (2006). Inhibin-B levels in healthy young adult men and prepubertal boys: is obesity the cause for the contemporary decline in sperm count because of fewer sertoli cells? Journal of Andrology, 27, 560–564.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Youngson, N.A., & Whitelaw, E. (2011). The effects of acquired paternal obesity on the next generation. Asian Journal of Andrology, 13, 195–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorn, B., Vidmar, G., & Meden-Vrtovec, H. (2003). Seminal reactive oxygen species as predictors of fertilization, embryo quality and pregnancy rates after conventional in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic spem injection. International Journal of Andrology, 26, 279–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zumoff, B., Miller, L.K. & Strain, G.W. (2003). Reversal of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obese men by administration of the aromatase inhibitor testolactone. Meta bolism, 52, 1126–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar