Absolute and age-dependent elevations of serum calcium and phosphate and their products in clinical opiate dependence

References

• Adler, M. W., Geller, E. B., Chen, X., & Rogers, T. J. (2005). Viewing chemokines as a third major system of communication in the brain. AAPS Journal, 7(4), E865–E870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, M. W., Geller, E. B., Rogers, T. J., Henderson, E. E., & Eisenstein, T. K. (1993). Opioids, receptors, and immunity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 335, 13–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aguilar de Arcos, F., Verdejo-Garcia, A., Ceverino, A. (2008). Dysregulation of emotional response in current and abstinent heroin users: negative heightening and positive blunting. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 198(2), 159–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S. H., & Koob, G. F. (2005). Transition to drug addiction: a negative reinforcement model based on an allostatic decrease in reward function. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 180(3), 473–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten, J. H., Freeman, R., Howard, A. A., Floris-Moore, M., Lo, Y., & Klein, R. S. (2007). Decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk in aging men with or at risk for HIV infection. Aids, 21(5), 617–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten, J. H., Freeman, R., Howard, A. A., Floris-Moore, M., Santoro, N., & Schoenbaum, E. E.. (2006). HIV infection and bone mineral density in middle-aged women. Clinical Infectious Disease, 42(7), 1014–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunton, L. L., Lazo, J. S., & Parker, K. L. (Eds.). (2006). Goodman and Gilman’s the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Chien, K. R., & Karsenty, G. (2005). Longevity and lineages: toward the integrative biology of degenerative diseases in heart, muscle, and bone. Cell, 120(4), 533–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, J. T., Khosla, S., Melton, L. J., 3rd, Atkinson, E. J., Camp, J. J., & Kearns, A. E. (2008). Abdominal aortic calcification, BMD, and bone microstructure: a population-based study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 23(10), 1601–1612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claude Bernard, M. (1877). Leçons sur le diabète et la glycogenèse animale. Paris: Cours de Medecine.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, O. B., Brown, T. T., & Dobs, A. S. (2003). Opiate drug use: a potential contributor to the endocrine and metabolic complications in human immunodeficiency virus disease. Clinical In Longevity and lineages: toward fectious Disease, 37(Suppl 2), S132–S136.
   Google Scholar
• Darke, S., Kaye, S., & Duflou, J. (2006). Systemic disease among cases of fatal opioid toxicity. Addiction, 101(9), 1299–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenstein, T. K., Rahim, R. T., Feng, P., Thingalaya, N. K., & Meissler, J. J. (2006). Effects of opioid tolerance and withdrawal on the immune system. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 1(3), 237–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauci, A. S., Braunwald, E., Kapser, D. L., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L., & Jameson, J. L. (Eds.). (2008). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine (17th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Gottshcalk, L. A., McGuire, F. L., Heiser, J. F., Dinovo, E. C., & Birch, H. (1979). Drug abuse deaths in nine cities: a survey report. National Institute of Drug Abuse. National Institutes of Health, 29, NIDA Research Monograph, Bethesda, MD, pp. 1–189.
   Google Scholar
• Hajnoczky, G., Csordas, G., Das, S., Garcia-Perez, C., Saotome, M., Sinha Roy, S., & Yi, M. (2006). Mitochondrial calcium signalling and cell death: approaches for assessing the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in apoptosis. Cell Calcium, 40(5–6), 553–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hser, Y. I., Gelberg, L., Hoffman, V., Grella, C. E., McCarthy, W., & Anglin, M. D. (2004). Health conditions among aging narcotics addicts: medical examination results. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27(6), 607–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyder, J. A., Allison, M. A., Wong, N. (2009). Association of coronary artery and aortic calcium with lumbar bone density: the MESA abdominal aortic calcium study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169(2), 186–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantor, B., Nagel, E., Schoenhagen, P., Barkhausen, J., & Gerber, T. C. (2009). Coronary computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Current Problems in Cardiology, 34(4), 145–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, K., Hardy, R., Ahasan, M. M. (2010). Synergistic induction of local glucocorticoid generation by inflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoids: implications for inflammation associated bone loss. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 69(6), 1185–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, T. W., Alford, D. P., Malabanan, A., Holick, M. F., & Samet, J. H. (2006). Low bone density in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85(3), 258–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., Orsoni, S., Norman, L. (2006). Chronic morphine exposure causes pronounced virus replication in cerebral compartment and accelerated onset of AIDS in SIV/SHIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques. Virology, 354(1), 192–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Russo, C. R. (2006). Correlates of bone quality in older persons. Bone, 39(4), 915–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. H., Kim, T. S., Choi, Y., & Lorenzo, J. (2008). Osteoimmunology: cytokines and the skeletal system. BMB Reports, 41(7), 495–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, D. B., Chua, K. F., Mostoslavsky, R., Franco, S, Gostissa, M., & Alt, F. W. (2005). DNA repair, genome stability, and aging. Cell, 120(4), 497–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil, C. S., Liu, M., Zhao, W., Coatney, D. D., Li, F., VanTubergen, E. A., D’Silva, N. J., & Kirkwood, K. L. (2008). Targeting mRNA stability arrests inflammatory bone loss. Molecular Therapy, 16(10), 1657–1664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrazzoni, M., Vescovi, P. P., Maninetti, L. (1993). Effects of chronic heroin abuse on bone and mineral metabolism. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen), 129(1), 42–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reece, A. S. (2007a). Dentition of addiction in Queensland: poor dental status and major contributing drugs. Australian Dental Journal, 52(2), 144–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece, A. S. (2007b). Evidence of accelerated ageing in clinical drug addiction from immune, hepatic and metabolic biomarkers. Immunity & Ageing, 4(1), 6–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reece, A. S. (2007c). Hair graying in substance addiction. Archives of Dermatology, 143(1), 116–118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reece, A. S. (2007d). Psychosocial and treatment correlates of opiate free success in a clinical review of a naltrexone implant program. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2, 35–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece, A. S. (2008). Experience of road and other trauma by the opiate dependent patient: a survey report. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 3, 10–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, D., Smith, M. L., & Reynolds, C. F. (2008). The prevalence of mental and physical health disorders among older methadone patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(6), 488–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghian, S., Darvish, S., Davoodi, G., Salarifar, M., Mahmoodian, M., Fallah, N., & Karimi, A. A. (2007). The association of opium with coronary artery disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 14(5), 715–717.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, Y. B., Lou, F., & Irving, M. (2009). Calcium- and myosin-dependent changes in troponin structure during activation of heart muscle. Journal of Physiology, 587(Pt 1), 155–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terashima, M., Nguyen, P. K., Rubin, G. D. (2010). Right coronary wall cmr in the older asymptomatic advance cohort: positive remodeling and associations with type 2 diabetes and coronary calcium. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 12, 75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinogradova, M. V., Malanina, G. G., Reddy, A. S., & Fletterick, R. J. (2009). Structure of the complex of a mitotic kinesin with its calcium binding regulator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106(20), 8175–8179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T. K., Bolland, M. J., van Pelt, N. C. (2010). Relationships between vascular calcification, calcium metabolism, bone density, and fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 25(12), 2501–2509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar