References
- Shulman L P, Emerson D S, Felker R E, Phillips O P, Simpson J L, Elias S. High frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in fetuses with cystic hygroma diagnosed in the first trimester. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 80–82
- Chervenak F A, Isaacson G, Blakemore K J, Breg W R, Hobbins J C, Berkowitz R L, Tortora M, Mayden K, Mahoney M J. Fetal cystic hygroma: cause and natural history. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 822–825
- Abramowitz J S, Warsof S L, Doyle D L, Smith D, Levy D L. Congenital cystic hygroma of the neck diagnosed prenatally: outcome with normal and abnormal karyotype. Prenat Diagn 1989; 9: 321–327
- Cohen M M, Schwartz S, Schwartz M F. Antenatal detection of cystic hygroma. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1989; 44: 481–490
- Bernstein H S, Filly R A, Goldberg J D, Golbus M S. Prognosis of fetuses with a cystic hygroma. Prenat Diagn 1991; 11: 349–355
- Nicolaides K H, Azar G, Byrne D, Mansur C, Marks K. Fetal nuchal translucency: ultrasound screening for chromosomal defects in first trimester of pregnancy. Br Med J 1992; 304: 867–869
- van Zalen‐Sprock R M, van Vugt J MG, Geijn H P. First‐trimester diagnosis of cystic hygroma — course and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167: 94–98
- Bronshtein M, Bar‐Hava I, Blumenfeld I, Bejar J, Toder V, Blumenfeld Z. The difference between septated and nonseptated nuchal cystic hygroma in the early second trimester. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81: 683–687
- Nadel A, Bromley B, Benacerraf B R. Nuchal thickening or cystic hygromas in first‐ and early second‐trimester fetuses: prognosis and outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 43–48
- Nicolaides K, Shawwa L, Brizot M, Snijders R. Ultrasonographically detectable markers of fetal chromosomal defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1993; 3: 56–69
- Pandya P P, Brizot M L, Kuhn P, Snijders R JM, Nicolaides K H. First trimester fetal nuchal translucency thickness and risk for trisomies. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84: 420–423
- Pandya P P, Snijders R JM, Johnson S P, Brizot M L, Nicolaides K H. Screening for fetal trisomies by maternal age and fetal nuchal translucency thickness at 10 to 14 weeks gestation. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 102: 957–962
- Descamps P, Jourdain O, Paillet C, Toutain A, Guichet A, Pourcelot D, Gold F, Castiel M, Body G. Etiology, prognosis and management of nuchal cystic hygroma: 25 new cases and literature review. Eur Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997; 71: 3–10
- Watson W J, Thorp J M, Seeds J W. Familial cystic hygroma with normal karyotype. Prenat Diagn 1990; 10: 37–40
- Tricoire J, Sarramon M F, Rolland M, Lefort G. Familial cystic hygroma. Report of 8 cases in 3 families. Genet Couns 1993; 4: 265–269
- Morgan C L, Haney A, Christakos A, Phillips J. Antenatal detection of fetal structural defects with ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound 1975; 3: 287–290
- Bieber F R, Petres R E, Bieber J, Nance W E. Prenatal detection of a familial nuchal bleb simulating encephalocele. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1979; 15: 51–61
- Cowchock F S, Wapner R J, Kurtz A, Chatzkel S, Barnhart J S, Lesnick D C. Brief clinical report: not all cystic hygromas occur in the Ulrich‐Turner syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1982; 12: 327–331
- Dallapiccola B, Zelante L, Perla G, Villani G. Prenatal diagnosis of recurrence of cystic hygroma with normal chromosomes. Prenat Diagn 1984; 4: 383–386
- Reuss A, Pijpers L, van Swaaij E, Jahoda M GJ, Wladimiroff J W. First‐trimester diagnosis of recurrence of cystic hygroma using a vaginal ultrasound transducer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1987; 26: 271–273
- Williams M S, Josephson K D. Unusual autosomal recessive lymphatic anomalies in two unrelated Amish families. Am J Med Genet 1997; 73: 286–289
- Tolmie J L, Patrick A, Yates J RW. A lethal multiple pterygium syndrome with apparent X‐linked recessive inheritance. Am J Med Genet 1987; 27: 913–919
- Lockwood C, Irons M, Troiani J, Kawada C, Chaudhury A, Cetrulo C. The prenatal sonographic diagnosis of lethal multiple pterygium syndrome: A heritable cause of recurrent abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 474–476