3,559
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The clinical significance of eosinophils in the amniotic fluid in preterm labor

, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 320-329 | Received 22 Jun 2009, Accepted 06 Jul 2009, Published online: 22 Oct 2009

References

  • Romero R. Prenatal medicine: the child is the father of the man. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009.
  • Naeye RL, Ross SM. Amniotic fluid infection syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1982;9:593–607.
  • Minkoff H. Prematurity: infection as an etiologic factor. Obstet Gynecol 1983;62:137–144.
  • Romero R, Mazor M. Infection and preterm labor. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1988;31:553–584.
  • Romero R, Mazor M, Wu YK, Sirtori M, Oyarzun E, Mitchell MD, Hobbins JC. Infection in the pathogenesis of preterm labor. Semin Perinatol 1988;12:262–279.
  • Romero R, Sirtori M, Oyarzun E, Avila C, Mazor M, Callahan R, Sabo V, Athanassiadis AP, Hobbins JC. Infection and labor. V. Prevalence, microbiology and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:817–824.
  • Gibbs RS, Romero R, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA, Sweet RL. A review of premature birth and subclinical infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1515–1528.
  • Yoon BH, Romero R, Moon JB, Shim SS, Kim M, Kim G, Jun JK. Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1130–1136.
  • Goncalves LF, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R. Intrauterine infection and prematurity. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002;8:3–13.
  • Espinoza J, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Edwin S, Rathnasabapathy C, Gomez R, Bujold E, Camacho N, Kim YM, Hassan S, et al Antimicrobial peptides in amniotic fluid: defensins, calprotectin and bacterial/permeability-increasing protein in patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, intra-amniotic inflammation, preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2003;13:2–21.
  • Shim SS, Romero R, Hong JS, Park CW, Jun JK, Kim BI, Yoon BH. Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1339–1345.
  • Kusanovic JP, Espinoza J, Romero R, Goncalves LF, Nien JK, Soto E, Khalek N, Camacho N, Hendler I, Mittal P, et al Clinical significance of the presence of amniotic fluid ‘sludge’ in asymptomatic patients at high risk for spontaneous preterm delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;30:706–714.
  • Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Espinoza J, Gotsch F, Nhan-Chang CL, Erez O, Kim CJ, Khalek N, Mittal P, Goncalves LF, et al What is amniotic fluid ‘sludge’? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;30:793–798.
  • Gomez R, Romero R, Nien JK, Medina L, Carstens M, Kim YM, Espinoza J, Chaiworapongsa T, Gonzalez R, Iams JD, et al Antibiotic administration to patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes does not eradicate intra-amniotic infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2007;20:167–173.
  • Soto E, Espinoza J, Nien JK, Kusanovic JP, Erez O, Richani K, Santolaya-Forgas J, Romero R. Human beta-defensin-2: a natural antimicrobial peptide present in amniotic fluid participates in the host response to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2007;20:15–22.
  • Romero R, Schaudinn C, Kusanovic JP, Gorur A, Gotsch F, Webster P, Nhan-Chang CL, Erez O, Kim CJ, Espinoza J, et al Detection of a microbial biofilm in intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:135.
  • Bujold E, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Erez O, Gotsch F, Chaiworapongsa T, Gomez R, Espinoza J, Vaisbuch E, Mee KY, et al Proteomic profiling of amniotic fluid in preterm labor using two-dimensional liquid separation and mass spectrometry. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:697–713.
  • Chaiworapongsa T, Hong JS, Hull WM, Romero R, Whitsett JA. Amniotic fluid concentration of surfactant proteins in intra-amniotic infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:663–670.
  • Chaiworapongsa T, Erez O, Kusanovic JP, Vaisbuch E, Mazaki-Tovi S, Gotsch F, Than NG, Mittal P, Kim YM, Camacho N, et al Amniotic fluid heat shock protein 70 concentration in histologic chorioamnionitis, term and preterm parturition. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:449–461.
  • Gotsch F, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Erez O, Espinoza J, Kim CJ, Vaisbuch E, Than NG, Mazaki-Tovi S, Chaiworapongsa T, et al The anti-inflammatory limb of the immune response in preterm labor, intra-amniotic infection/inflammation, and spontaneous parturition at term: a role for interleukin-10. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:529–547.
  • Gotsch F, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Erez O, Vaisbuch E, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, Mittal P, Mazaki-Tovi S, Kim CJ, et al Evidence of the involvement of caspase-1 under physiologic and pathologic cellular stress during human pregnancy: a link between the inflammasome and parturition. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:605–616.
  • Kusanovic JP, Romero R, Mazaki-Tovi S, Chaiworapongsa T, Mittal P, Gotsch F, Erez O, Vaisbuch E, Edwin SS, Than NG, et al Resistin in amniotic fluid and its association with intra-amniotic infection and inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:902–916.
  • Nhan-Chang CL, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Gotsch F, Edwin SS, Erez O, Mittal P, Kim CJ, Kim MJ, Espinoza J, et al A role for CXCL13 (BCA-1) in pregnancy and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:763–775.
  • Romero R, Espinoza J, Rogers WT, Moser A, Nien JK, Kusanovic JP, Gotsch F, Erez O, Gomez R, Edwin S, et al Proteomic analysis of amniotic fluid to identify women with preterm labor and intra-amniotic inflammation/infection: the use of a novel computational method to analyze mass spectrometric profiling. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:367–388.
  • Arias F, Rodriquez L, Rayne SC, Kraus FT. Maternal placental vasculopathy and infection: two distinct subgroups among patients with preterm labor and preterm ruptured membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:585–591.
  • Arias F, Victoria A, Cho K, Kraus F. Placental histology and clinical characteristics of patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1997;89:265–271.
  • Iams JD, Johnson FF, Sonek J, Sachs L, Gebauer C, Samuels P. Cervical competence as a continuum: a study of ultrasonographic cervical length and obstetric performance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1097–1103.
  • Hassan SS, Romero R, Berry SM, Dang K, Blackwell SC, Treadwell MC, Wolfe HM. Patients with an ultrasonographic cervical length ≤15 mm have nearly a 50% risk of early spontaneous preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1458–1467.
  • Romero R, Espinoza J, Erez O, Hassan S. The role of cervical cerclage in obstetric practice: can the patient who could benefit from this procedure be identified? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1–9.
  • Phelan JP, Park YW, Ahn MO, Rutherford SE. Polyhydramnios and perinatal outcome. J Perinatol 1990;10:347–350.
  • Romero R, Sepulveda W, Baumann P, Yoon BH, Brandt F, Gomez R, Mazor M, Sorokin Y, Cotton D. The preterm labor syndrome: Biochemical cytologic, immunologic, pathologic, microbiologic, and clinical evidence that preterm labor is a heterogeneous disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:288.
  • Csapo AI, Pohanka O, Kaihola HL. Progesterone deficiency and premature labour. Br Med J 1974;1:137–140.
  • Check JH, Lee G, Epstein R, Vetter B. Increased rate of preterm deliveries in untreated women with luteal phase deficiencies. Preliminary report. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992;33:183–184.
  • Mazor M, Hershkovitz R, Chaim W, Levy J, Sharony Y, Leiberman JR, Glezerman M. Human preterm birth is associated with systemic and local changes in progesterone/17 beta-estradiol ratios. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:231–236.
  • Fidel PI Jr., Romero R, Maymon E, Hertelendy F. Bacteria-induced or bacterial product-induced preterm parturition in mice and rabbits is preceded by a significant fall in serum progesterone concentrations. J Matern Fetal Med 1998;7:222–226.
  • Romero R, Mazor M, Avila C, Quintero R, Munoz H. Uterine ‘allergy’: a novel mechanism for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:375.
  • Romero R, Quintero R, Nores J, Avila C, Mazor M, Hanaoka S, Hagay Z, Merchant L, Hobbins JC. Amniotic fluid white blood cell count: a rapid and simple test to diagnose microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and predict preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991. 165:821–830.
  • Church MK, Lichtenstein LM, Simon HU, Wardlaw AJ, Haslett C, Lee TH, et al Effector cells of allergy. In: Holgate ST, Church MK, Lichtenstein LM, editors. Allergy. London: Mosby; 2001. pp 303–324.
  • Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M. Allergy and Hypersensitivity. In: Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M, editors. Janeway's Immunobiology. New York and London: Garland Science; 2008. pp 555–598.
  • Ehrlich P. Ueber die specifischen granulationen des blutes. Arch Anat Physiol 1879;571–579.
  • Cells and tissues of the immune response. In: Mak TW, Saunders ME, editors. The Immune Response: Basic and Clinical Principles. Oxford: Elsevier; 2006. pp 35–67.
  • Lotfi R, Lee JJ, Lotze MT. Eosinophilic granulocytes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs): role in the inflammatory response within tumors. J Immunother 2007;30:16–28.
  • Till JE, McCulloch EA, Siminovitch L. A stochastic model of stem cell proliferation, based on the growth of spleen colony-forming cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1964;51:29–36.
  • Parwaresch MR, Walle AJ, Arndt D. The peripheral kinetics of human radiolabelled eosinophils. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1976;57–66.
  • Clutterbuck EJ, Hirst EM, Sanderson CJ. Human interleukin-5 (IL-5) regulates the production of eosinophils in human bone marrow cultures: comparison and interaction with IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, and GMCSF. Blood 1989;73:1504–1512.
  • Palframan RT, Collins PD, Severs NJ, Rothery S, Williams TJ, Rankin SM. Mechanisms of acute eosinophil mobilization from the bone marrow stimulated by interleukin 5: the role of specific adhesion molecules and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Exp Med 1998;188:1621–1632.
  • Spry CJ, Kay AB, Gleich GJ. Eosinophils 1992. Immunol Today 1992;13:384–387.
  • Steinbach KH, Schick P, Trepel F, Raffler H, Dohrmann J, Heilgeist G, Heltzel W, Li K, Past W, van der Woerd-de Lange JA, et al Estimation of kinetic parameters of neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic granulocytes in human blood. Blut 1979;39:27–38.
  • Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP. The eosinophil. Annu Rev Immunol 2006;24:147–174.
  • Hogan SP, Rosenberg HF, Moqbel R, Phipps S, Foster PS, Lacy P, Kay AB, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2008;38:709–750.
  • Boyce JA, Friend D, Matsumoto R, Austen KF, Owen WF. Differentiation in vitro of hybrid eosinophil/basophil granulocytes: autocrine function of an eosinophil developmental intermediate. J Exp Med 1995;182:49–57.
  • Lopez AF, Begley CG, Williamson DJ, Warren DJ, Vadas MA, Sanderson CJ. Murine eosinophil differentiation factor. An eosinophil-specific colony-stimulating factor with activity for human cells. J Exp Med 1986;163:1085–1099.
  • Lopez AF, Sanderson CJ, Gamble JR, Campbell HD, Young IG, Vadas MA. Recombinant human interleukin 5 is a selective activator of human eosinophil function. J Exp Med 1988;167:219–224.
  • Rothenberg ME, Pomerantz JL, Owen WF Jr., Avraham S, Soberman RJ, Austen KF, Stevens RL. Characterization of a human eosinophil proteoglycan, and augmentation of its biosynthesis and size by interleukin 3, interleukin 5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor. J Biol Chem 1988;263:13901–13908.
  • Takatsu, K, Takaki S, Hitoshi Y. Interleukin-5 and its receptor system: implications in the immune system and inflammation. Adv Immunol 1994;57:145–190.
  • Collins PD, Marleau S, Griffiths-Johnson DA, Jose PJ, Williams TJ. Cooperation between interleukin-5 and the chemokine eotaxin to induce eosinophil accumulation in vivo. J Exp Med 1995;182:1169–1174.
  • Dent LA, Strath M, Mellor AL, Sanderson CJ. Eosinophilia in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 5. J Exp Med 1990;172:1425–1431.
  • Tominaga A, Takaki S, Koyama N, Katoh S, Matsumoto R, Migita M, Hitoshi Y, Hosoya Y, Yamauchi S, Kanai Y, et al Transgenic mice expressing a B cell growth and differentiation factor gene (interleukin 5) develop eosinophilia and autoantibody production. J Exp Med 1991;173:429–437.
  • Lee JJ, McGarry MP, Farmer SC, Denzler KL, Larson KA, Carrigan PE, Brenneise IE, Horton MA, Haczku A, Gelfand EW, et al Interleukin-5 expression in the lung epithelium of transgenic mice leads to pulmonary changes pathognomonic of asthma. J Exp Med 1997;185:2143–2156.
  • Mishra A, Hogan SP, Brandt EB, Wagner N, Crossman MW, Foster PS, Rothenberg ME. Enterocyte expression of the eotaxin and interleukin-5 transgenes induces compartmentalized dysregulation of eosinophil trafficking. J Biol Chem 2002;277:4406–4412.
  • Casslen B, Kobayashi TK, Stormby N. Cyclic variation of the cellular components in human uterine fluid. J Reprod Fertil 1982;66:213–218.
  • Honda K, Chihara J. Eosinophil activation by eotaxin – eotaxin primes the production of reactive oxygen species from eosinophils. Allergy 1999;54:1262–1269.
  • Rankin SM, Conroy DM, Williams TJ. Eotaxin and eosinophil recruitment: implications for human disease. Mol Med Today 2000;6:20–27.
  • Gouon-Evans V, Rothenberg ME, Pollard JW. Postnatal mammary gland development requires macrophages and eosinophils. Development 2000;127:2269–2282.
  • Zhang J, Lathbury LJ, Salamonsen LA. Expression of the chemokine eotaxin and its receptor, CCR3, in human endometrium. Biol Reprod 2000;62:404–411.
  • Robertson SA, Mau VJ, Young IG, Matthaei KI. Uterine eosinophils and reproductive performance in interleukin 5-deficient mice. J Reprod Fertil 2000;120:423–432.
  • Gouon-Evans V, Pollard JW. Eotaxin is required for eosinophil homing into the stroma of the pubertal and cycling uterus. Endocrinology 2001;142:4515–4521.
  • Spry CJF. Female genital tract diseases and pregnancy. Spry CJF, editor. Eosinophils: A Comprehensive Review and Guide to the Scientific and Medical Literature. New York: Oxford University Press; 1988. pp 226–227.
  • Kopf M, Brombacher F, Hodgkin PD, Ramsay AJ, Milbourne EA, Dai WJ, Ovington KS, Behm CA, Kohler G, Young IG, et al IL-5-deficient mice have a developmental defect in CD5+ B-1 cells and lack eosinophilia but have normal antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. Immunity 1996;4:15–24.
  • Foster PS, Hogan SP, Ramsay AJ, Matthaei KI, Young IG. Interleukin 5 deficiency abolishes eosinophilia airways hyperreactivity, and lung damage in a mouse asthma model. J Exp Med 1996;183:195–201.
  • Spry CJF. Methods: eosinophil structure, constituents, and metabolism. In: Spry CJF, editors. Eosinophils: A Comprehensive Review and Guide to the Scientific and Medical Literature. New York: Oxford University Press; 1988. 29–73.
  • Wasmoen TL, Coulam CB, Leiferman KM, Gleich GJ. Increases of plasma eosinophil major basic protein levels late in pregnancy predict onset of labor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:3029–3032.
  • Maddox, DE, Kephart GM, Coulam CB, Butterfield JH, Benirschke K, Gleich GJ. Localization of a molecule immunochemically similar to eosinophil major basic protein in human placenta. J Exp Med 1984;160:29–41.
  • Wasmoen TL, McKean DJ, Benirschke K, Coulam CB, Gleich GJ. Evidence of eosinophil granule major basic protein in human placenta. J Exp Med 1989;170:2051–2063.
  • Wagner JM, Hustin J, Bonno M, Kephart GM, Gurian KV, Gleich GJ. Pregnancy-associated major basic protein: deposition of protein and expression of mRNA at the maternal–fetal junction in early and late gestation. Placenta 1994;15:625–640.
  • Fraser RB, Wright JR Jr. Eosinophilic/T-cell chorionic vasculitis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2002;5:350–355.
  • Redline RW. Recurrent villitis of bacterial etiology. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1996;16:995–1001.
  • Webster JD, Miller MA, Vemulapalli R. Encephalitozoon cuniculi-associated placentitis and perinatal death in an alpaca (Lama pacos). Vet Pathol 2008;45:255–258.
  • La Perle KM, Silveria F, Anderson DE, Blomme EA. Dalmeny disease in an alpaca (Lama pacos): sarcocystosis, eosinophilic myositis and abortion. J Comp Pathol 1999;121:287–293.
  • Domachowske JB, Dyer KD, Bonville CA, Rosenberg HF. Recombinant human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin/RNase 2 functions as an effective antiviral agent against respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1458–1464.
  • Adamko DJ, Yost BL, Gleich GJ, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. Ovalbumin sensitization changes the inflammatory response to subsequent parainfluenza infection. Eosinophils mediate airway hyperresponsiveness, m(2) muscarinic receptor dysfunction, and antiviral effects. J Exp Med 1999;190:1465–1478.
  • Rosenberg HF, Domachowske JB. Eosinophils, eosinophil ribonucleases, and their role in host defense against respiratory virus pathogens. J Leukoc Biol 2001;70:691–698.
  • Phipps S, Lam CE, Mahalingam S, Newhouse M, Ramirez R, Rosenberg HF, Foster PS, Matthaei KI. Eosinophils contribute to innate antiviral immunity and promote clearance of respiratory syncytial virus. Blood 2007;110:1578–1586.
  • Rosenberg HF, Dyer KD, Domachowske JB. Eosinophils and their interactions with respiratory virus pathogens. Immunol Res 2009;43:128–137.
  • Gleich GJ, Leiferman KM. The hypereosinophilic syndromes: current concepts and treatments. Br J Haematol 2009;145:271–285.
  • Allergy and Hypersensitivity. Mak TW, Saunders ME, editors. The Immune Response: Basic and Clinical Principles. Burlington, San Diego, London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2006. pp 923–962.
  • Butterworth AE, Sturrock RF, Houba V, Mahmoud AA, Sher A, Rees PH. Eosinophils as mediators of antibody-dependent damage to schistosomula. Nature 1975;256:727–729.
  • Fabre V, Beiting DP, Bliss SK, Gebreselassie NG, Gagliardo LF, Lee NA, Lee JJ, Appleton JA. Eosinophil deficiency compromises parasite survival in chronic nematode infection. J Immunol 2009;182:1577–1583.
  • Rosenberg HF, Phipps S, Foster PS. Eosinophil trafficking in allergy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:1303–1310.
  • Jacobsen EA, Ochkur SI, Pero RS, Taranova AG, Protheroe CA, Colbert DC, Lee NA, Lee JJ. Allergic pulmonary inflammation in mice is dependent on eosinophil-induced recruitment of effector T cells. J Exp Med 2008;205:699–710.
  • Spry CJF. Eosinophils in animals other than man. In: Spry CJF, editors. Eosinophils: A Comprehensive Review and Guide to the Scientific and Medical Literature. New York: Oxford University Press; 1988. pp 123–127.
  • Vernof KK, Ory SJ, Gleich GJ. Pregnancy-associated major basic protein in amniotic fluid. J Reprod Immunol 1992;21:47–56.
  • Rice GE, Reimert CM, Bendtzen K. Eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil protein X: human amniotic fluid concentrations and gestational tissue content at term. Placenta 1998;19:181–185.
  • Christiansen M, Jaliashvili I, Overgaard MT, Ensinger C, Obrist P, Oxvig C. Quantification and characterization of pregnancy-associated complexes of angiotensinogen and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein in serum and amniotic fluid. Clin Chem 2000;46:1099–1105.
  • Oxvig C, Haaning J, Kristensen L, Wagner JM, Rubin I, Stigbrand T, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L. Identification of angiotensinogen and complement C3dg as novel proteins binding the proform of eosinophil major basic protein in human pregnancy serum and plasma. J Biol Chem 1995;270:13645–13651.
  • Stenfeldt AL, Wenneras C. Danger signals derived from stressed and necrotic epithelial cells activate human eosinophils. Immunology 2004;112:605–614.
  • Matzinger P. Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol 1994;12:991–1045.
  • Horiuchi T, Weller PF. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by human eosinophils: upregulation by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997;17:70–77.
  • Solomon A, Aloe L, Pe'er J, Frucht-Pery J, Bonini S, Bonini S, Levi-Schaffer F. Nerve growth factor is preformed in and activates human peripheral blood eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:454–460.
  • Hoshino M, Takahashi M, Aoike N. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and angiogenin immunoreactivity in asthmatic airways and its relationship to angiogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:295–301.
  • Phipps S, Ying S, Wangoo A, Ong YE, Levi-Schaffer F, Kay AB. The relationship between allergen-induced tissue eosinophilia and markers of repair and remodeling in human atopic skin. J Immunol 2002;169:4604–4612.
  • Plotz SG, Lentschat A, Behrendt H, Plotz W, Hamann L, Ring J, Rietschel ET, Flad HD, Ulmer AJ. The interaction of human peripheral blood eosinophils with bacterial lipopolysaccharide is CD14 dependent. Blood 2001;97:235–241.
  • Nagase H, Okugawa S, Ota Y, Yamaguchi M, Tomizawa H, Matsushima K, Ohta K, Yamamoto K, Hirai K. Expression and function of Toll-like receptors in eosinophils: activation by Toll-like receptor 7 ligand. J Immunol 2003;171:3977–3982.
  • Hirsch JG, Hirsch B. Paul Ehrlich and the discovery of the eosinophil. Mahmoud AAF, Austen KF, Simon AS, editors. The eosinophil in health and disease. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1980. pp 3–23.
  • Lucey DR, Nicholson-Weller A, Weller PF. Mature human eosinophils have the capacity to express HLA-DR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:1348–1351.
  • Shi HZ, Humbles A, Gerard C, Jin Z, Weller PF. Lymph node trafficking and antigen presentation by endobronchial eosinophils. J Clin Invest 2000;105:945–953.
  • Mattes J, Yang M, Mahalingam S, Kuehr J, Webb DC, Simson L, Hogan SP, Koskinen A, McKenzie AN, Dent LA, et al Intrinsic defect in T cell production of interleukin (IL)-13 in the absence of both IL-5 and eotaxin precludes the development of eosinophilia and airways hyperreactivity in experimental asthma. J Exp Med 2002;195:1433–1444.
  • Yang H, Wang H, Czura CJ, Tracey KJ. The cytokine activity of HMGB1. J Leukoc Biol 2005;78:1–8.
  • Molet S, Hamid Q, Davoine F, Nutku E, Taha R, Page N, Olivenstein R, Elias J, Chakir J. IL-17 is increased in asthmatic airways and induces human bronchial fibroblasts to produce cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:430–438.
  • Kim MR, Manoukian R, Yeh R, Silbiger SM, Danilenko DM, Scully S, Sun J, DeRose ML, Stolina M, Chang D, et al Transgenic overexpression of human IL-17E results in eosinophilia, B-lymphocyte hyperplasia, and altered antibody production. Blood 2002;100:2330–2340.
  • Iwakura Y, Ishigame H. The IL-23/IL-17 axis in inflammation. J Clin Invest 2006;116:1218–1222.
  • Odemuyiwa SO, Ghahary A, Li Y, Puttagunta L, Lee JE, Musat-Marcu S, Ghahary A, Moqbel R. Cutting edge: human eosinophils regulate T cell subset selection through indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Immunol 2004;173:5909–5913.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.