References
- Martin J, Hamilton B, Osterman JK. Three decades of twin births in the United States, 1980–2009. NCHS Data Brief 2012;80:1–8
- Goldenberg RL, Iams JD, Miodovnik M, et al. The preterm prediction study: risk factors in twin gestations. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1047–53
- Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard M, et al. National, regional and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends for selected countries since 1990: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2012;379:2162–72
- Moutquin JM. Classification and heterogeneity of preterm birth. BJOG 2003;110:30–3
- Goldenberg RL, Iams JD, Miodovnik M, et al. The preterm prediction study: risk factors in twin gestations. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1047–53
- Campbell S. Universal cervical-length screening and vaginal progesterone prevents early preterm births, reduces neonatal morbidity and is cost saving: doing nothing is no longer an option. Ultrasound Obstetr Gynecol 2011;38:1–9
- Romero R, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, et al. The preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG 2006;113:17–42
- To MS, Fonseca EB, Molina FS, et al. Maternal characteristics and cervical length in the prediction of early spontaneous preterm delivery in twins. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1360–5
- Brubaker SG, Gyamfi C. Prediction and prevention of spontaneous preterm birth in twin gestations. Semin Perinatol 2012;36:190–4
- Fox N, Saltzmn D, Klauser C, et al. Prediction of spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic twin pregnancies with the use of combined fetal fibronection and cervical length. AJOG 2009;201:313.e1–5
- Di Renzo GC, Roura LC, Facchinetti F, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous preterm labor: identification of spontaneous preterm labor, diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes, and preventative tools for preterm birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:659–67
- Haas M, Caldwell D, Kirkpatrick P, et al. Tocolytic therapy for preterm delivery: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;345:1–16
- NICE. Multiple pregnancy: the management of twin and triplet pregnancy in the antenatal period. NICE clinical guideline 129;2011
- Yamasmit W, Chaithongwongwatthana S, Tolosa JE, et al. Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;9:1–23
- Crowther CA, Brown J, McKinlay CJD, Middleton P. Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;8:1–89
- Han S, Crowther C, Moore V. Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;5:1–40
- Peebles DM, Kenyon AP. Magnesium sulphate to prevent cerebral palsy following preterm birth. Scientific Impact Paper No. 29 RCOG; 2011
- Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Antenatal corticosteroids so reduce neonatal morbidity. Green-top Guideline No. 7. London: RCOG; 2010
- Murphy D, Cawkwell S, Joels LA, Wardle P. Cohort study of the neonatal outcome of twin pregnancies that were treated with prophylactic or rescue antenatal corticosteroids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:438–88
- ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 475: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:422–4
- Bibbo C, Deluca L, Gibbs K, et al. Rescue corticosteroids in twin pregnancies and short term neonatal outcomes. BJOG 2013;120:58–63
- Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Cervical cerclage. Green-top Guideline No. 60. London: RCOG; 2011
- Final report of the Medical Research Council/Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists multicentre randomised trial of cervical cerclage. MRC/RCOG Working Party on Cervical Cerclage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:516–23
- Owen J, Hankins G, Iams JD, et al. Multicenter randomised trial of cerclage for preterm birth prevention in high-risk women with shortened mid-trimester cervical length. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201:375.e1–8
- Dor J, Shalev J, Mashiach S, et al. Elective cervical suture of twin pregnancies diagnosed ultrasonically in the first trimester following induced ovulation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1982;13:55–60
- Berghella V, Odibo AO, To MS, et al. Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography: meta-analysis of trials using individual patient-level data. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:181–9
- Roman AS, Rebarber A, Pereira L, et al. The efficacy of sonographically indicated cerclage in multiple gestations. J Ultrasound Med 2005;24:763–8
- Zanardini C, Pagani G, Fichera A, et al. Cervical cerclage in twin pregnancies. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013;288:267–71
- Rouse D, Caritis S, Peaceman A, et al. A trial of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate to prevent prematurity in twins. N Engl J Med 2007;357:454–61
- Senat MV, Porcher R, Winer N, et al. Prevention of preterm delivery by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in asymptomatic twin pregnancies with a short cervix: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:194.e1–8
- Norman JE, MacKenzie F, Owen P, et al. Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancy (STOPPIT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373:2034–40
- Rode L, Klein K, Nicholaides K, et al. Prevention of preterm delivery in twin gestations (PREDICT): a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effect of vaginal micronized progesterone. Ultrasound Obstetr Gynecol 2011;38:272–80
- Klein K, Rode L, Nicolaides KH, et al.; PREDICT Group. Vaginal micronized progesterone and risk of preterm delivery in high-risk twin pregnancies: secondary analysis of a placebo-controlled randomized trial and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;38:281–7
- Romero R, Nicholaides K, Conde-Agudelo A, et al. Vaginal progesterone in women with an asymptomatic sonographic short cervix in the mid-trimester decreases preterm delivery and neonatal morbidity: a systematic review and metaanalysis of individual patient data. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;206:124.e1–19
- Schuit E, Stock S, Rode L, et al. Effectiveness of progestogens to improve perinatal outcome in twin pregnancies: an individual participant data meta-analysis. BJOG 2015;122:27–37
- Arabin B, Halbesma JR, Vork F, et al. Is treatment with vaginal pessaries an option in patients with a sonographically detected short cervix? J Perinat Med 2003;31:122–33
- Goya M, Pratcorona L, Merced C, et al. Cervical pessary in pregnant women with a short cervix (PECEP): an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;379:1800–6
- Liem S, Schuit E, Bais J, et al. Pessaries in multiple pregnancy as a prevention of preterm birth (ProTWIN): a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:S2