References
- DeLancey JO, Morgan DM, Fenner DE, et al Comparison of levator ani muscle defects and function in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:295–302
- Viktrup L, Lose G. The risk of stress incontinence 5 years after first delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:82–7
- Willis S, Faridi A, Schelzig S, et al Childbirth and incontinence: a prospective study on anal sphincter morphology and function before and early after vaginal delivery. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2002;387:101–7
- Chaliha C, Sultan AH, Bland JM, et al Anal function: effect of pregnancy and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:427–32
- Handa VL, Blomquist JL, Knoepp LR, et al Pelvic floor disorders 5–10 years after vaginal or cesarean childbirth. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:777–84
- Dietz HP. Levator trauma in labor: a challenge for obstetricians, surgeons and sonologists. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;29:368–71
- Shek KL, Dietz HP. Intrapartum risk factors for levator trauma. BJOG 2010;117:1485–92
- Allen RE, Hosker GL, Smith AR, Warrell DW. Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1990;97:770–9
- Kearney R, Miller JM, Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO. Obstetric factors associated with levator ani muscle injury after vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:144–9
- Rahn DD, Ruff MD, Brown SA, et al Biomechanical properties of the vaginal wall: effect of pregnancy, elastic fiber deficiency, and pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:590.e1–6
- Schwertner-Tiepelmann N, Thakar R, Sultan AH, Tunn R. Obstetric levator ani muscle injuries: current status. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;39:372–83
- Svabik K, Shek KL, Dietz HP. How much does the levator hiatus have to stretch during childbirth? Bjog 2009;116:1657–62
- Dietz HP, Lanzarone V. Levator trauma after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:707–12
- Krofta L, Otcenasek M, Kasikova E, Feyereisl J. Pubococcygeus-puborectalis trauma after forceps delivery: evaluation of the levator ani muscle with 3D/4D ultrasound. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009;20:1175–81
- Dietz HP, Abbu A, Shek KL. The levator-urethra gap measurement: a more objective means of determining levator avulsion? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;32:941–5
- Dietz HP, Shek C, Clarke B. Biometry of the pubovisceral muscle and levator hiatus by three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005;25:580–5
- Gainey HL. Postpartum observation of pelvic tissue damage: further studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1955;70:800–7
- Shek KL, Dietz HP, Clarke B. Biometry of puborectal muscle and levator hiatus by 3D pelvic floor ultrasound. Neurourol Urodyn 2004;23:577–8
- Toozs-Hobson P, Balmforth J, Cardozo L, et al The effect of mode of delivery on pelvic floor functional anatomy. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2008;19:407–16
- Snooks SJ, Swash M, Henry MM, Setchell M. Risk factors in childbirth causing damage to the pelvic floor innervation. Int J Colorectal Dis 1986;1:20–4
- Morken NH, Klungsøyr K, Magnus P, Skjærven R. Pre-pregnant body mass index, gestational weight gain and the risk of operative delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:809–15
- Rode L, Nilas L, Wøjdemann K, Tabor A. Obesity-related complications in Danish single cephalic term pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:537–42