REFERENCES
- White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ. Ketamine—its pharmacology and therapeutic uses. Anesthesiology. 1982;56:119–136.
- Anis NA, Berry SC, Burton NR, Lodge D. The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspartate. Br J Pharmacol. 1983;79:565–575.
- Visser E, Schug SA. The role of ketamine in pain management. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006;60:341–348.
- Fisher K, Coderre TJ, Hagen NA. Targeting the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor for chronic pain management. Preclinical animal studies, recent clinical experience and future research directions. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000;20:358–373.
- Okon T. Ketamine: an introduction for the pain and palliative medicine physician. Pain Physician. 2007;10:493–500.
- Subramaniam K, Subramaniam B, Steinbrook RA. Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:482–495.
- Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA. Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(11):CD003351.
- Cvrcek P. Side effects of ketamine in the long-term treatment of neuropathic pain. Pain Med. 2008;9:253–257.
- Hewitt DJ. The use of NMDA-receptor antagonists in the treatment of chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2000;16( 2 Suppl): S73–S79.
- Kannan TR, Saxena A, Bhatnagar S, Barry A. Oral ketamine as an adjuvant to oral morphine for neuropathic pain in cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002;23:60–65.
- McCartney CJ, Sinha A, Katz J. A qualitative systematic review of the role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists in preventive analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1385–1400.
- Ballas SK. Sickle cell disease: clinical management. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1998;11:185–214.
- Ballas SK, Gupta K, Adams-Graves P. Sickle cell pain: a critical reappraisal. Blood. 2012;120:3647–3656. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012–04–383430.
- Dunlop RJ, Bennett KC. Pain management for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD003350.
- Elander J, Midence K. A review of evidence about factors affecting quality of pain management in sickle cell disease. Clin J Pain. 1996;12:180–193.
- Niscola P, Sorrentino F, Scaramucci L, de Fabritiis P, Cianciulli P. Pain syndromes in sickle cell disease: an update. Pain Med. 2009;10:470–480.
- Zempsky WT, Loiselle KA, Corsi JM, Hagstrom JN. Use of low-dose ketamine infusion for pediatric patients with sickle cell disease-related pain: a case series. Clin J Pain. 2010;26: 163–167.
- Meals CG, Mullican BD, Shaffer CM, Dangerfield PF, Ramirez RP. Ketamine infusion for sickle cell crisis pain in an adult. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;42:e7–e9.
- Kotlińska-Lemieszek A, Luczak J. Subanesthetic ketamine: an essential adjuvant for intractable cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;28:100–102.
- Mercadante S, Arcuri E, Tirelli W, Casuccio A. Analgesic effect of intravenous ketamine in cancer patients on morphine therapy: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover, double-dose study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000;20:246–252.
- Azari P, Lindsay DR, Briones D, Clarke C, Buchheit T, Pyati S. Efficacy and safety of ketamine in patients with complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review. CNS Drugs. 2012;26:215–228.
- Correll GE, Maleki J, Gracely EJ, Muir JJ, Harbut RE. Subanesthetic ketamine infusion therapy: a retrospective analysis of a novel therapeutic approach to complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Med. 2004;5:263–275.
- Willetts J, Balster RL, Leander JD. The behavioral pharmacology of NMDA receptor antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1990;11:423–428.
- Shahani R, Streutker C, Dickson B, Stewart RJ. Ketamine-associated ulcerative cystitis: a new clinical entity. Urology. 2007;69:810–812.
- Winstock AR, The prevalence and natural history of urinary symptoms among recreational ketamine users. BJU Int. 2012;110 (11):1762–1766.