REFERENCES
- Inker LA, Astor BC, Fox CH, Isakova T, Lash JP, Peralta CA, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63(5):713–35.
- Ansell, D, Tomson, CRV. UK renal registry 11th annual report (December 2008): Chapter 2 introduction to the 2008 UK renal registry report. Nephron Clin Pract. 2009;111(suppl 1):c3–c12.
- Levy JB, Chambers EJ, Brown EA. Supportive care for the renal patient. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2004;19(6):1357–60.
- Dean M. Opioids in renal failure and dialysis patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;28(5):497–504.
- Ashley C, Currie A, editors. The Renal Drug Handbook. 3rd edition. Oxford, Radcliffe Medical Press, 2008.
- Wittwer E, Kern SE; Role of morphine's metabolites in analgesia: Concepts and controversies. AAPS J. 2006;8(2): E348–E352.
- Lugo RA, Kern SE. The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2004;18(4):17–30.
- Kirvela M, Lindgren L, Seppala T, Olkkola KT. The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone in uremic patients undergoing renal transplantation. J Clin Anaesthesia. 1996;8:13–18.
- Murtagh FE, Chai MO, Donohoe P, Edmonds PM, Higginson IJ. The use of opioid analgesia in end-stage renal disease patients managed without dialysis: Recommendations for practice. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2007;21(2):5–16.
- Borland M, Jacobs I, King B, O'Brien D. A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49(3): 335–40.
- Pauli-Magnus C, Hofmann U, Mikus G, Kuhlmann U, Mettang T. Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its glucuronides following intravenous administration of morphine in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:903–9.
- Parmar MS, Parmar KS. Management of acute and post-operative pain in chronic kidney disease [v3; ref status: indexed, Available at http://f1000r.es/10f] F1000Research 2013, 2:28
- Smith HS. Opioid metabolism. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(7): 613–24.
- Harris TJ, Nazir R, Khetpal P, Peterson RA, Chava P, Patel SS, Kimmel PL. Pain, sleep disturbance and survival in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(2):758–65.
- Pergolizzi J, Böger RH, Budd K, Dahan A, Erdine S, Hans G, et al. Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: Consensus statement of an International Expert Panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone).Pain Pract. 2008;8(4):287–313.
- Pain relief ladder. World Health Organization web site. Available at http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/. Accessed September 22, 2014.
- Birthi P, Sloan P. Interventional treatment of refractory cancer pain. Cancer J. 2013;19(5):390–6.
- Hamza M, Doleys D, Wells M, Weisbein J, Hoff J, Martin M, et al. Prospective study of 3-year follow-up of low-dose intrathecal opioids in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Pain Med. 2012;13(10):1304–13.