Using Neuroleptics to Treat Delirium in Dying Cancer Patients at a Cancer Center in Saudi Arabia

REFERENCES

• Combs D, Rice SA, Kopp LM. Incidence of delirium in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61:2094–2095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massie MJ, Holland J, Glass E. Delirium in terminally ill cancer patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140:1048–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosie A, Davidson PM, Agar M, Sanderson CR, Phillips J. Delirium prevalence, incidence, and implications for screening in specialist palliative care inpatient settings: a systematic review. Palliat Med. 2013;27:486–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor PG, Gagnon B, Mancini IL, et al. Occurrence, causes, and outcome of delirium in patients with advanced cancer: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:786–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang CK, Chen HW, Liu SI, et al. Prevalence, detection and treatment of delirium in terminal cancer inpatients: a prospective survey. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2008;38:56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard M, Agar M, Mason C, et al. Delirium issues in palliative care settings. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65:289–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brajtman S. The impact on the family of terminal restlessness and its management. Palliat Med. 2003;17:454–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namba M, Morita T, Imura C, et al. Terminal delirium: families’ experience. Palliat Med. 2007;21:587–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita T, Akechi T, Ikenaga M, et al. Terminal delirium: recommendations from bereaved families’ experiences. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;34:579–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitbart W, Gibson C, Tremblay A. The delirium experience: delirium recall and delirium-related distress in hospitalized patients with cancer, their spouses/caregivers, and their nurses. Psychosomatics. 2002;43:183–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge JS, Martin FC, Harari D, Dhesi JK. The delirium experience: what is the effect on patients, relatives and staff and what can be done to modify this? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;28:804–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye SK, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI, Hurst LD, Tinetti ME. A predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:474–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis J, Martin D, Kapoor WN. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA. 1990;263:1097–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudreau J, Gagnon P, Roy M, Tremblay A. Psychoactive medications and risk of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6712–6718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levkoff SE, Evans DA, Lipzin B, et al. Delirium. The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:334–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye SK, Charpentier PA. Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. JAMA. 1996;275:852–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljubisavjevic V, Kelly B. Risk factors for development of delirium among oncology patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2003;25:345–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attard A, Ranjith G, Taylor D. Delirium and its treatment. CNS Drugs. 2008;22:631–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandharipande P, Shintay A, Peterson J, et al. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care patients. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:21–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitbart W, Marotta R, Platt MM, Weisman H, Derevenco M, Grau C. A double-blind trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine and lorazepam in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akechi T, Uchitomi Y, Okamura H, et al. Usage of haloperidol for delirium in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 1996;4:390–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olofsson SM, Weitzner MA, Valentine AD, Baile WF, Meyers CA. A retrospective study of the psychiatric management and outcome of delirium in the cancer patient. Support Care Cancer. 1996;4:351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui D, Reddy A, Palla S, Bruera E. Neuroleptic prescription pattern for delirium in patients with advanced cancer. J Palliat Care. 2011;27:141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam PT, Tse CY, Lee CH. Delirium in a palliative care unit. Prog Palliat Care. 2003;13:126–133.
   Google Scholar
• Spiller JA, Keen JC. Hypoactive delirium: assessing the extent of the problem for inpatient specialist palliative care. Palliat Med. 2006;20:17–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi L, Caraceni A, Mitchell AJ, et al. Management of delirium in palliative care: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17:550–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraceni A, Simonetti F. Palliating delirium in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:164–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush SH, Bruera E, Lawlor PG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for delirium management: potential application in palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;48:249–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev PS. Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders: an overview. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2005;28:255–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz I, Schmitz A, Lampey I, Schulz C. Evidence for the use of Levomepromazine for symptom control in the palliative care setting: a systematic review. BMC Palliat Care. 2013; 12:2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breitbart W, Sparrow B. Management of delirium in the terminally ill. Prog Palliat Care. 1998;6:107–114.
   Google Scholar
• Fainsinger R, Young C. Cognitive failure in a terminally ill patient. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1991;6:492–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fainsinger R, Bruera E. Treatment of delirium in a terminally ill patient. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1992;7:54–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alldredge B. Seizures risk associated with psychotropic drugs: clinical and pharmacokinetic considerations. Neurology. 1999;53(Suppl 2):S68–S75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar