Exposure Limits: The underestimation of absorbed cell phone radiation, especially in children

References

• Adlkofer, F. (2004). Final Report, Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods. EU Contract number QLK4-CT-1999-01574.
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal A., Deepinder F., Sharma R. K., . 2008. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril.. 89 1: 124–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken R. J., Bennetts L., Sawyer D., . 2005. Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. Int. J. Androl.. 28 3: 171–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANSI. 1982. American National Standards InstituteSafety Levels with respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz Report ANSI C95-1982. New York: The IEEE Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Azoulay, Y., Rinat, Z. (2008). Health Ministry calls for parents to limit kids' use of cell phones. Haaretz.com July 28, 2008. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/health-ministry-calls-for-parents-to-limit-kids-use-of-cell-phones-1.250559 (accessed August 25, 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Baan R., Grosse Y., El Ghissassi F., . 2011. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol. 12 4: 328–329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bakker J. F., Paulides M. M., Christ A., . 2010. Assessment of induced SAR in children exposed to electromagnetic plane waves between 10 MHz and 5.6 GHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 55 11: 3115–3130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC News (2000). Child mobile phone warning. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/743112.stm (May 10, 2000; accessed July 12, 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Beard, B. B., Kainz, W. (2004). Review and standardization of cell phone exposure calculations using the SAM phantom and anatomically correct head models. BioMedical Engineering Online, http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1475-925x-3-34.pdf (accessed December 8, 2010).
   Google Scholar
• BioInitiative Working Group (2007). BioInitiative Report: A Rationale for a Biologically-based Public Exposure Standard for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF), Sage, C. and Carpenter, D.O., Eds.' www.bioinitiative.org.
   Google Scholar
• BlackBerry Torch (2010). Safety and Product Information Research in Motion Limited. Waterloo, ON, Canada.(http://docs.blackberry.com/en/smartphone_users/deliverables/18620/BlackBerry_Torch_9800_Smartphone-Safety_and_Product_Information-T43156-696706-0806024453-001-US.pdf, accessed December 10, 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Cardis E., Sadetzki S.. 2011. Indications of possible brain-tumour risk in mobile-phone studies: should we be concerned?. Occup. Environ Med. 68 3: 169–171 Epub January 24, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, K., Cleveland, Jr., R. F., Means, D. L. (1997). Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering & Technology. Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Supplement C (Edition 97–01) to OET Bulletin 65 (Edition 97–01) Federal Communications Commission, Washington, DC, USA..
   Google Scholar
• Chou, C-K., D'Andrea, J., Peterson, R. (2006). IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Section 1.1 Scope, Revision of IEEE Std C95.1-1991.
   Google Scholar
• Christ A., Gosselin M-C., Christopoulou M., . Age-dependent tissue-specific exposure of cell phone users. Phys. Med. Biol.. 2010a; 55:1767–1783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ, A., Neufeld, E., Zefferer, M., et al. (2010b). The Virtual Population, Integration of Multiphysics into Anatomical High Resolution Models of the Human Body. Bioelectromagnetics Society Meeting: Seoul Korea. http://www.itis.ethz.ch/services/human-and-animal-models/human-models/ (access December 28, 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Cleveland, R. F., Sylvar, D. M., Ulcek, J. L. (1997). Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering & Technology. Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields OET Bulletin 65, Edition 97–01. Federal Communications Commission, Washington, DC, USA..
   Google Scholar
• Cooke R., Laing S., Swerdlow A. J.. 2010. A case–control study of risk of leukaemia in relation to mobile phone use. Brit. J. Cancer. 103:1729–1735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerninski R., Zini A., Sgan-Cohen H. D.. 2011. Risk of parotid malignant tumors in Israel (1970–2006). Epidemiology. 22 1: 130–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Andrea, J. A., Gandhi, O. P., Kesner, R. P. (1975). Behavioral effects of resonant electromagnetic power deposition in rats. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves HEW Publication (FDA) 778011, I:257–273 (selected papers of the 1975 USNC/URSI Meeting, Boulder, CO)..
   Google Scholar
• de Salles A. A., Bulla G., Rodriguez C. E.. 2006. Electromagnetic absorption in the head of adults and children due to mobile phone operation close to the head. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 25 4: 349–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Even, D. (2009). Israeli study sees link between oral cancer, cell phones.Haaretz.com (http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israeli-study-sees-link-between-oral-cancer-cell-phones-1.280073; accessed July 3, 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Fejes I., Závaczki Z., Szöllosi J., . 2005. Is there a relationship between cell phone use and semen quality?. Arch. Androl.. 51:385–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi O. P.. 1974. Polarization and frequency effects on whole animal absorption of RF energy. Proc. IEEE. 62 8: 1171–1175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi O. P., Lazzi G., Furse C. M.. 1996. Electromagnetic absorption in the human head and neck for mobile telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theor. Techniq.. 44 10: 1884–1897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi O. P., Kang G.. 2002. Some present problems and a proposed experimental phantom for SAR compliance testing of cellular telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz. Phys. Med. Biol.. 47:1501–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi O. P., Kang H.. 2004. Inaccuracies of a plastic pinna SAM for SAR testing of cellular telephones against IEEE and ICNIRP safety guidelines. Microwave Theor. Techniq.. 52 8: 2004–2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, C. C., Churchill, T., Clauser, C. E., et al. (1989).Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics Technical Report NATICK/TR-89/044.U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA..
   Google Scholar
• Guler G., Ozgur E., Keles H., . 2011. Apoptosis resulted from radiofrequency radiation exposure of pregrant rabbits and their infants. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy.. 55:127–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han Y-Y., Gandhi O. P., de Salles A., . 2010. comparative assessment of models of electromagnetic absorption of the head for children and adults indicates the need for policy changes. Ramazzi Institute Eur. J. Oncol. Lib. 5:301–318.
   Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Carlberg M., Hansson Mild K.. 2006. Pooled analysis of two case–control studies on use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for malignant brain tumours diagnosed in 1997–2003. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 79 8: 630–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Carlberg M., Söderqvist F., Hansson Mild K.. 2008. Meta-analysis of long-term mobile phone use and the association with brain tumours. Int. J. Oncol. 32 5: 1097–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Carlberg M., Hansson Mild K.. 2011. Pooled analysis of case-control studies on malignant brain tumours and the use of mobile and cordless phones including living and deceased subjects. Int. J. Oncol. 38 5: 1465–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HPA (2009). Mobile Phone and Health Policy in the UK (last revised 17 February 2010). http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/Radiation/UnderstandingRadiation/UnderstandingRadiationTopics/ElectromagneticFields/MobilePhones/info_ProtectionPolicy/, accessed 29 September 2011)..
   Google Scholar
• Huss A., Egger M., Hug K., Huwiler-Müntener K., . 2007. Source of funding and results of studies of health effects of mobile phone use: systemic review of experimental studies. Environ. Health Perspect.. 115:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). 1998. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 ghz). Health Phys.. 74 4: 494–522 http://www.icnirp.de/documents/emfgdl.pdf.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEEE (1991). IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. 3 kHz to 100 GHz (Replaces ANSI C95.1-1982). The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. New York, NY, USA..
   Google Scholar
• IEEE (2003). IEEE Std 1528, IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Inc. New York, NY, USA..
   Google Scholar
• India e-News Teachers, students unhappy with mobile phone ban in schools 18 July 2008. http://www.indiaenews.com/education/20080718/132841.htm (accessed July 12, 2011)..
   Google Scholar
• Kang G., Gandhi O. P.. 2002. SARs for pocket-mounted mobile telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz. Phys. Med. Biol.. 47:4301–4313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman D. W., Anderson T. E., Issaragrisil S.. 2009. Risk factors for leukemia in. Thailand Ann Hematol. 88 11: 1079–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana V. G., Teo C., Kundi M., . 2009. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surg. Neurol.. 72 3: 205–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuster, N. (2009). Past, current, and future research on the exposure of children. Foundation for Research on Information Technology in Society (IT'IS), Foundation Internal Report 2009 (http://www1.itis.ethz.ch/index/index_itis.html; accessed December 8, 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Lean, G. (2009). French government bans advertising of mobiles to children. The Independent January 11, 2009.http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/french-government-bans-advertising-of-mobiles-to-children-1299673.html (accessed August 25, 2010)..
   Google Scholar
• Löon S., Ahlbom A., Christensen H. C., . 2006. Mobile phone use and risk of parotid gland tumor. Amer. J. Epidemiol.. 164 7: 637–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Burdalo M., Martin A., Anguiano M., . 2004. Comparison of FDTD-calculated specific absorption rate in adults and children when using a mobile phone at 900 and 1800 MHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 49 2: 345–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Means, D. L., Chan, K. W. (2001). Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering & Technology. Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. Supplement C (Edition 01-01) to OET Bulletin 65 (Edition 97–01). Federal Communications Commission, Washington, DC, USA..
   Google Scholar
• Motorola (2008). MOTOMANUAL, V195 GSM User's Manual p. 70. Motorola, Inc. Schaumburg, IL, USA..
   Google Scholar
• Muluk N. B., Budak G. G., Budak B., . 2011. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in infant, pregnant and non-pregnant adult rabbits: comparison for different stimulus levels. Int. Adv. Otol.. 7 1: 102–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myung S.-K., Ju W., McDonald D. D., . 2009. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. J. Clin. Oncol.. 27 33: 5565–5572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nittby H., Eberhardt J., Malmgren L., . 2009. Increased blood–brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone. Pathophysiology. 16:103–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nokia (2003). User's Guide for Nokia 1100, Issue 1, p. 63. Nokia Corporation..
   Google Scholar
• Odaci E., Bas O., Kaplan S.. 2008. Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the dentate gyrus of rats: a stereological and hstopathological study. Brain Res. 1238:224–229 Epub August 16, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otitoloju A. A., Obe I. A. I., Adewale O. A., . 2010. Preliminary study on the induction of sperm head abnormalities in mice, mus musculus, exposed to radiofrequency radiations from global system for mobile communication base stations. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 84:51–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyman A., Rezazadeh A. A., Gabriel C.. 2001. Changes in the dielectric properties of rat tissue as a function of age at microwave frequencies. Phys. Med. Biol.. 46 6: 1617–1629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadetzki S., Chetrit A., Jarus-Hakak A., . 2008. Cellular phone use and risk of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors—a nationwide case-control study. Amer. J. Epidemiol.. 167 4: 457–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salford L. G., Brun A. E., Eberhardt J. L., . 2003. Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Environ. Health Perspect.. 111 7: 881–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz C., Kratoclivil E., Pilger A., . 2008. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (UMTS, 1,950 MHz) induce genotoxic effects in vitro in human fibroblasts but not in lymphocytes. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 81 6: 755–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The INTERPHONE Study Group. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case–control study. Int J. Epidemiol.. 20103: 675–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomruk A., Guler G., Sepici Dincel, A. S.. 2010. The influence of 1800 MHz GSM-like signals on hepatic oxidative DNA and lipid damage in nonpregnant, pregnant, and newly born rabbits. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 56:39–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinnisword A. D., Furse C. M., Gandhi O. P.. 1998. Power deposition in the head and neck of an anatomically based human body model for plane wave exposures. Phys. Med. Biol.. 43:2361–2378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J., Fujiwara O.. 2003. Comparison and evaluation of electromagnetic absorption characteristics in realistic human head models of adult and children for 900-MHz mobile telephones. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theor. Techniq.. 51 3: 966–971.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiart J., Hadjem A., Wong M. F., Bloch I.. 2008. Analysis of RF exposure in the head tissues of children and adults. Phys. Med. Biol.. 53 13: 3681–3695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YLE.fi (2009). Authority Recommends Restricting Childrens' Use of Mobiles. http://yle.fi/uutiset/news/2009/01/authority_recommends_restricting_childrens_use_of_mobiles_466353.html (accessed August 25, 2010)..
   Google Scholar