19
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technology Review

Technology Review: Molecular Approaches for Quantifying DNA Synthesis and Cell Proliferation During Rodent Bioassays

, , &
Pages 215-230 | Received 30 Sep 1991, Accepted 04 Dec 1991, Published online: 27 Sep 2008

References

  • Ames B N, Gold L S. Chemical carcinogenesis: too many rodent carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 7772–6
  • Moolgavkar S H, Luebeck G. Two-event model for carcinogenesis: biological, mathematical, and statistical considerations. Risk Anal 1990; 10: 323–41
  • Cohen S M, Ellwein L B. Cell proliferation in carcinogenesis. Science 1990; 249: 1007–11
  • Butterworth B E, Bermudez E, Smith-Oliver T, et al. Lack of genotoxic activity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in rat and human hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis 1984; 5: 1329–35
  • Doolittle D J, Muller G, Scribner H E. The in vivo-in vitro hepatocyte assay for assessing DNA repair and DNA replication: studies in the CD-I mouse. Food Chem Toxicol 1987; 25: 399–405
  • Doolittle D J, Muller G, Scribner H E. Relationship between hepatotoxicity and induction of replicative DNA synthesis following single or multiple doses of carbon tetrachloride. J Toxicol Environ Health 1987; 22: 63–78
  • Mirsalis J C, Tyson C K, Steinmetz K L, et al. Measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis and S-phase synthesis in rodent hepatocytes following in vivo treatment: testing of 24 compounds. Environ Mol Mutagen 1989; 14: 155–64
  • Steinmetz K L, Tyson C K, Meierhenry E F, Spalding J W, Mirsalis J C. Examination of genotoxicity, toxicity and morphologic alterations in hepatocytes following in vivo or in vitro exposure to methapyrilene. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9: 959–63
  • Ames B N, Profet M, Gold L S. Dietary pesticides (99.99% all natural). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 7777–81
  • Ames B N, Profet M, Gold L S. Nature's chemicals and synthetic chemicals: comparative toxicology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 7782–6
  • Weinstein I B. Mitogenesis is only one factor in carcinogenesis. Science 1991; 251: 387–8
  • Gratzner H G, Leif R C, Ingram D J, Castro A. The use of antibody specific for bromodeoxyuridine for the immunofluorescent determination of DNA replication in single cells and chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 1975; 95: 88–94
  • Bohmer R M. Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis using the quenching of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Cell Tissue Kinet 1979; 12: 101–5
  • Gratzner H G. Monoclonal antibody to 5'-bromo and 5'-iododeoxyuridine: a new reagent for detection of DNA replication. Science 1982; 218: 474–5
  • Moran R, Darzynkiewicz Z, Staiano-Coico L, Melamed M R. Detection of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation by monoclonal antibodies: role of the DNA denaturation step. J Histochem Cytochem 1985; 33: 821–7
  • Defazio A, Leary J A, Hedley D W, Tattersall M HN. Immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cells in vivo. J Histochem Cytochem 1987; 35: 571–7
  • Danova M, Riccardo A, Brugnatelli S, et al. In vivo bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in human gastric cancer: a study on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections. Histochem J 1988; 20: 125–30
  • Lanier T L, Berger E K, Eacho P I. Comparison of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine for studies of hepatocellular proliferation in rodents. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10: 1341–3
  • Hanazona M, Yoshiki A, Ota K, Kitoh J, Kusakabe M. Immunohistochemical detection of DNA replication in mouse uterine cells by bromodeoxyuridine labelling of wax- and resin-embedded tissue sections. Stain Technol 1990; 65: 139–49
  • Darzynkiewicz Z, Andreeff M, Traganos F, Sharpless T, Melamed M R. Discrimination of cycling and non-cycling lymphocytes by BudR-suppressed acridine orange fluorescence in a flow cytometric system. Exp Cell Res 1978; 115: 31–5
  • St Clair M BG, Gross E A, Morgan K T. Pathology and cell proliferation induced by intra-nasal instillation of aldehydes in the rat: comparison of glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde. Toxicol Pathol 1990; 18: 353–61
  • Allen J W, Shuler C F, Latt S A. Bromodeoxyuridine tablet methodology for in vivo studies of DNA synthesis. Somat Cell Genet 1978; 4: 393–405
  • McFee A F, Lowe K, San Sebastian J R. Improved sister chromatid differentiation using parafin-coated bromodeoxyuridine tablets in mice. Mutat Res 1983; 119: 83–8
  • Hedley D W, Friedlander M L, Taylor I W. Application of DNA flow cytometry to paraffin-embedded archival material for the study of aneuploidy and its clinical significance. Cytometry 1985; 6: 327–33
  • Hedley D W, Friedlander M L, Taylor I W, Rugg C A, Musgrove E A. Method for analysis of cellular DNA content of paraffin-embedded pathological material using flow cytometry. J Histochem Cytochem 1983; 31: 333–7
  • Gunduz N. The use of FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibodies for determination of S-phase cells with fluorescence microscopy. Cytometry 1985; 6: 579–601
  • Biswas D K, Hartigan J A, Pichler M H. Identification of DNA sequence responsible for 5-bromodeoxyuridine-induced gene amplification. Science 1984; 225: 941–3
  • Brown E H, Schildkraut C L. Perturbation of growth and differentiation of friend erythroleukemia cells by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in early S phase. J Cell Physiol 1979; 99: 261–78
  • Yen A, Forbes M E. C-myc down regulation and precommitment in HL-60 cells due to bromodeoxyuridine. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 1411–20
  • Saffhil R, Ockey C H. Strand breaks arising from the repair of the 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted template and methylmethanesulphonate-induced lesions can explain the formation of sister chromatid exchanges. Chromosoma 1985; 92: 218
  • Ashman C R, Kaufman E R, Davidson R L. Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis and deoxyribonucleotide pool imbalance in mammalian cells. Genetic consequences of nucleotide pool imbalance, F J De Serres. Plenum Press, New York 1985; 391
  • Mirsalis J C, Butteworth B E. Detection of unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from rats treated with genotoxic agents: an in vivo-in vitro assay for potential carcinogens and mutagens. Carcinogenesis 1980; 1: 621–5
  • Mitchell A D, Mirsalis J C. Unscheduled DNA synthesis as an indicator of genotoxic exposure. Single-cell mutation systems, A A Ansari, F J De Serres. Plenum, New York 1984; 165–216
  • Bermudez E, Allen P F. The assessment of DNA damage and repair in rat nasal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 1984; 5: 1453–8
  • Doolittle D J, Butteworth B E. Assessment of chemically-induced DNA repair in rat tracheal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 1984; 5: 773–9
  • Sawyer T W, Gill R D, Smith-Oliver T, Butterworth B E, DiGiovanni J. Measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult mouse epidermal kerdtinocytes. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9: 1197–202
  • Doolittle D J, Bermudez E, Working P K, Butteworth B E. Measurement of genotoxic activity in multiple tissues following inhalation exposure to dimethylnitrosamine. Mutat Res 1984; 141: 123–7
  • Miyachi K, Fritzler M J, Tan E M. Autoantibodies to a nuclear antigen in proliferation cells. J Immunol 1978; 121: 2228–34
  • Bravo R, Celis J E. A search for differential polypeptide synthesis throughout the cell cycle of HeLa cells. J Cell Biol 1980; 84: 795–802
  • Tan C K, Castillo C, So A G, Downey K M. An auxiliary protein for DNA polymerase-delta from fetal calfthymus. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 12310–6
  • Prelich G, Tan C K, Kostura M, et al. Functional identity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and a DNA polymerase-delta auxiliary protein. Nature 1987; 326: 517–20
  • Bravo R, Frank R, Blundell P A, MacDonald-Bravo H. Cyclin/PCNA is the auxiliary protein of DNA polymerasedelta. Nature 1987; 326: 515–7
  • Baserga R. Commentary: growth regulation of the PCNA gene. J Cell Sci 1991; 98: 433–6
  • Wang T S-F. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Annu Rev Biochem 1991; 60: 513–52
  • Cellis J E, Celis A. Cell cycle dependent variations in the distribution of the nuclear protein cyclin proliferating cell nuclear antigen in cultured cells: subdivision of S phase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 3262–6
  • Kurki P, Vanderlaan M, Dolbeare F, Gray J, Tan E M. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin during the cell cycle. Exp Cell Res 1986; 166: 209–19
  • Jaskulski D, DeRiel J K, Mercer W E, Calabretta B, Baserga R. Inhibition of cellular proliferation by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PCNA cyclin. Science 1988; 240: 1544–6
  • Liu Y C, Marraccino R L, Keng P C, et al. Requirement for proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression during stages of the Chinese hamster ovary cell cycle. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 2967–74
  • Ottavio L, Chang C D, Rizzo M G, Petralia S, Travali S, Baserga R. The promoter of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene is active in serum deprived cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 169: 509–16
  • Jaskulski D, Gatti C, Travali S, Calabretta B, Baserga R. Regulation of the proliferating cell nuclear and thymidine kinase mRNA levels by growth factors. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 10175–9
  • Yamaguchi M, Hayashi Y, Hirose F, et al. Molecular cloning and structural analysis of mouse gene and pseudogenes for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19: 2403–10
  • Celis J E, Bravo R, Larsen P M, Fey S J. Cyclin: a nuclear protein whose level correlates directly with the proliferative state of normal as well as transformed cells. Leuk Res 1984; 8: 143–57
  • Takasaki Y, Dseng J S, Tan E M. A nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation and blast transformation: its distribution in synchronized cells. J Exp Med 1981; 154: 1899–909
  • Ogata K, Kurki P, Celis J E, Nakamura R M, Tan E M. Monoclonal antibodies to a nuclear protein (PCNA/cyclin) associated with DNA replication. Exp Cell Res 1987; 168: 475–86
  • Galand P, Degraef C. Cyclin/PCNA immunostaining as an alternative to tritiated thymidine pulse labeling for marking S-phase cells in paraffin sections from animal and human tissues. Cell Tissue Kinet 1989; 22: 383–92
  • Garcia R L, Coltrera M D, Gown A M. Analysis of proliferative grade using anti-PCNA/cyclin monoclonal antibodies in fixed, embedded tissues: comparison with flow cytometric analysis. Am J Pathol 1989; 134: 733–9
  • Kamel O W, LeBrun D P, Davis R E, Berry G J, Warnke R A. Growth fraction estimation of malignant lymphomas in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue using anti-PCNA/cyclin 19A2. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 1471–7
  • Waseem N H, Lane D P. Monoclonal antibody analysis of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA): structural conservation and the detection of a nuclear form. J Cell Sci 1990; 96: 121–9
  • Hall P A, Levison D A, Woods A L. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunolocalization in paraffin section: an index of cell proliferation with evidence of deregulated expression in some neoplasms. J Pathol 1990; 162: 285–94
  • Woods A L, Hall P A, Shepherd N A, et al. The assessment of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining in primary gastrointestinal lymphomas and its relationship to histological grade, S + G2 + M phase fraction (flow cytometric analysis) and prognosis. Histopathology 1991; 19: 21–7
  • Yu C C-W, Hall P A, Fletcher C DM. Haemangiopericytomas: the prognostic value of irnrnunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Histopathology 1991; 19: 29–33
  • Van Dierendonck J H, Wijsman J H, Keijzer R, van de Velde C JH, Cornelisse C J. Cell-cycle-related staining patterns of anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen monoclonal antibodies. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 1165–72
  • Melville D M, Jasse J R, Shepherd N A. Dysplasia and deoxynucleic acid aneuploidy in the assessment of precancerous changes in chronic ulcerative colitis. Observer variation and correlations. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 668–75
  • Gerdes J, Schwab U, Lemke H, Stein H. Production of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with a human nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation. Int J Cancer 1983; 31: 13–20
  • Gerdes J, Lemke H, Baisch H, Wacker H H, Schwab U, Stein H. Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. J Immunol 1984; 133: 1710–5
  • Landberg G, Tan E M, Roos G. Flow cytometric multiparameter analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen/cyclin and Ki-67 antigen: a new view of the cell cycle. ESP Cell Res 1990; 187: 111–8
  • Van Dierendonch J H, Keijzer R, van de Velde C JH, Cornelisse C J. Subdivision of S-phase by analysis of nuclear 5-bromodeoxyuridine staining patterns. Cytometry 1989; 10: 143–50
  • Namikawa R, Ueda R, Suchi T, Itoh G, Ota K, Takahashi T. Double immunoenzymatic detection of surface phenotype of proliferating lymphocytes in situ: monoclonal antibodies against DNA polymerase a and lymphocyte membrane antigens. Am J Clin Pathol 1987; 87: 725–31
  • Shibata T, Burger P C. The use of the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 in determination of the growth fraction in pediatric brain tumors. Child Nerv Syst 1987; 3: 364–7
  • Louis D N, Edgerton S, Thor A D, Hedley-Whyte E T. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry in brain tumors: a comparative study. Acta Neuropathol 1991; 81: 675–9
  • Larsen J K, Christensen I J, Christiansen J, Mortensen B T. Washless double staining of unfixed nuclei for flow cytometric analysis of DNA and a nuclear antigen (Ki-67 or bromodeoxyuridine). Cytometry 1991; 12: 429–37
  • Kute T E, Quadri Y. Measurement of proliferation nuclear and membrane markers in tumor cells by flow cytometry. J Histochem Cytochem 1991; 39: 1125–30
  • Du Manoir S, Guillaud P, Camus E, Seigneurin D, Brugal G. Ki-67 labeling in postmitotic cells defines different Ki-67 pathways within the 2c compartment. Cytometry 1991; 12: 455–63
  • Clevenger C V, Epstein A L, Bauer K D. Modulation of the nuclear antigen p105 as a function of cell cycle progression. J Cell Physiol 1987; 130: 336–43
  • Freeman J W, McRorie D K, Busch R K, et al. Identification and partial characterization of a nucleolar antigen with a molecular weight of 145000 found in a broad range of human cancers. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 3593–8
  • Freeman J W, Dowell B L, Ochs R L, Ross B E, Busch H. Effect of differentiation on the expression of a nucleolar antigen with a molecular weight of 145000 in HL-60 cells. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 586–91
  • Ochs R L, Freeman J W, Reilly M T, Busch H. Identification of a growth related 145 kD nucleolar protein. J Cell Biol 1985; 101: 211–9
  • Hirsch F W, Deibert P, Busch H, Lohr G W, Bross K J. Demonstration of estrogen and progesterone receptors as well as Ki-67 and p-145 antigens in single tumor cells from blood and pleural effusions using a slide assay. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1991; 117: 217–22
  • Mushika M, Miwa T, Suzuoki Y, Hayashi K, Masaki S, Kaneda T. Detection of proliferative cells in dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix by a monoclonal antibody against DNA polymerase alpha. Cancer 1988; 61: 1182–6
  • Wong W SF, Mann G J, Tattersall M HN. Identification of non-proliferating B16 melanoma cells using monoclonal antibody (AD203) against the M1 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. Cell Tissue Kinet 1988; 21: 353–61
  • Wang E. Contact-inhibition-induced quiescent state is marked by intense nuclear expression of statin. J Cell Physiol 1987; 133: 151–7
  • Van Dilla M A, Trujillo T T, Mullaney P F, Coulter J R. Cell microfluorometry: a method for rapid fluorescence measurement. Science 1968; 163: 1213–4
  • Ryan D H, Fallon M A, Horan P K. Flow cytometry in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chim Acta 1988; 171: 125–74
  • Quirke P, Dyson J ED. Flow cytometry: methodology and applications in pathology. J Pathol 1986; 149: 79–87
  • Bauer K D, Merkel D E, Winter J N, et al. Prognostic implications of ploidy and proliferative activity in diffuse large cell lymphomas. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 3173–8
  • McGuire W L, Meier J S, Barlogie B, Kute T E. Impact of flow cytometry on predicting recurrence and survival in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1985; 6: 113–121
  • Quirke P, Dixon M R, Clayden A D, et al. Prognostic significance of DNA aneuploidy and cell proliferation in rectal adenocarcinomas. J Pathol 1987; 151: 285–91
  • Vindelov L L, Christensen I J, Nissen N I. A detergent-trypsin method for the preparation of nuclei for flow cytometric DNA analysis. Cytometry 1983; 3: 323–7
  • Hedley D W. Flow cytometry using paraffin-embedded tissues: five years on. Cytometry 1989; 10: 229–41
  • Krishan A. Rapid flow cytofluorometric analysis of mammalian cell cycle by propidium iodide staining. J Cell Biol 1975; 66: 188–93
  • Pardee A B, Dubrow R, Hamlin J L, Kletzien R F. Animal cell cycle. Annu Rev Biochem 1978; 47: 715–50
  • Baish H, Beck H P, Christensen I J, et al. A comparison of mathematical methods for the analysis of DNA histograms obtained by flow cytometry. Cell Tissue Kinet 1982; 15: 235–49
  • Dean P N, Jett J H. Mathematical analysis of DNA distributions derived from flow microfluorometry. Cell Biol 1914; 60: 523–7
  • Dean P N, Gray J W, Dolbeare F A. The analysis and interpretation of DNA distributions measured by flow cytometry. Cytometry 1982; 3: 188–95
  • Nusse M, Beisker W, Hoffman C, Tarnok A. Flow cytometric analysis of G1 and G2/M-phase subpoDulations in mammalian cell nuclei using side scatter and DNA content measurements. Cytometry 1990; 11: 813–21
  • Crissman H A, Steinkamp J A. Rapid, one step staining procedures for analvsis of cellular DNA and protein by single and dual laser flow cytometb. Cytometry 1982; 3: 84–90
  • Crissman H A, Darzynkiewicz Z, Tobey R A, Steinkamp J A. Correlated measurements of DNA, RNA, and protein on individual cells by flow cytometry. Science 1985; 228: 1321–3
  • Burns E R. A critique of the practice of comparing control data obtained at a single time point to experimental data obtained at multiple time points. Cell Tissue Kinet 1981; 14: 219–24

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.