References
- Celli BR, MacNee W. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 2004; 23(6):932–946.
- Oga T, Analysis of the factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167(4):544–549.
- Lacasse Y, Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 4:CD003793.
- Nici L, American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173(12):1390–1413.
- Curkendall SM, Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Saskatchewan Canada cardiovascular disease in COPD patients. Ann Epidemiol 2006; 16(1):63–70.
- Rutten FH, Recognising heart failure in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: cross sectional diagnostic study. BMJ 2005; 331(7529):1379.
- MacNee W, Assessment by radionuclide angiography of right and left ventricular function in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Thorax 1983; 38(7):494–500.
- Burrows B, Patterns of cardiovascular dysfunction in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med 1972; 286(17):912–918.
- Jorgensen K, Left ventricular performance and dimensions in patients with severe emphysema. Anesth Analg 2007; 104(4):887–892.
- Baum GL, Left ventricular function in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med 1971; 285(7):361–365.
- Watz H, Waschki B, Magnussen H. Emphysema, airflow obstruction, and left ventricular filling. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(17):1638–1639; author reply 1640–1641.
- Sabit R, , Sub-clinical left and right ventricular dysfunction in patients with COPD. Respir Med.
- Barr RG, Percent emphysema, airflow obstruction, and impaired left ventricular filling. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(3):217–227.
- Sietsema K. Cardiovascular limitations in chronic pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(7 Suppl):S656–661.
- Coppoolse R, Interval versus continuous training in patients with severe COPD: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Respir J 1999; 14(2):258–263.
- Vogiatzis I, Skeletal muscle adaptations to interval training in patients with advanced COPD. Chest 2005; 128(6):3838–3845.
- Arnardottir, RH, , Interval training compared with continuous training in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2007; 101(6):1196–1204.
- Tjonna AE, Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation 2008; 118(4):346–354.
- Tjonna AE, Aerobic interval training reduces cardiovascular risk factors more than a multi treatment approach in overweight adolescents. Clin Sci (Lond). 2009 Feb; 116(4):317–26.
- Wisloff U, Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation 2007; 115(24):3086–3094.
- Hambrecht R, Effects of exercise training on left ventricular function and peripheral resistance in patients with chronic heart failure: A randomized trial. JAMA 2000; 283(23):3095–3101.
- Rognmo O, High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate intensity exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2004; 11(3):216–222.
- Casaburi R, Reductions in exercise lactic acidosis and ventilation as a result of exercise training in patients with obstructive lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143(1):9–18.
- , Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Updated 2011; Available from: www.goldcopd.org
- Dalen H, Segmental and global longitudinal strain and strain rate based on echocardiography of 1266 healthy individuals: the HUNT study in Norway. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010; 11(2):176–183.
- Miller MR, Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005; 26(2):319–338.
- Macintyre N, Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 2005; 26(4):720–735.
- Aspenes ST, Peak oxygen uptake and cardiovascular risk factors in 4,631 healthy women and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Aug; 43(8):1465–73.
- Nagueh SF, Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009; 22(2):107–133.
- Nagueh SF, Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30(6):1527–1533.
- Boussuges A, Left atrial and ventricular filling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An echocardiographic and Doppler study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162(2 Pt 1):670–675.
- Tyldum GA, Endothelial dysfunction induced by post-prandial lipemia: complete protection afforded by high-intensity aerobic interval exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53(2):200–206.
- Vizza CD, Right and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with severe pulmonary disease. Chest 1998; 113(3):576–583.
- Sabit R, Sub-clinical left and right ventricular dysfunction in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2010; 104(8):1171–1178.
- Jones NL, Jones G, Edwards RH. Exercise tolerance in chronic airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 103(4):477–491.
- Dolmage TE, Goldstein RS. The effects of one-legged exercise training of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Chest 2008 Feb; 133(2):370–6
- Vogiatzis I, Nanas S, Roussos C. Interval training as an alternative modality to continuous exercise in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2002; 20(1):12–19.
- Beauchamp MK, Interval versus continuous training in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—A systematic review. Thorax 2010; 65(2):157–164.
- Pitta F, Characteristics of physical activities in daily life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171(9):972–977.
- Watz H, Extrapulmonary effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on physical activity: a cross-sectional study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177(7):743–751.
- Barr RG, Impaired flow-mediated dilation is associated with low pulmonary function and emphysema in ex-smokers: the Emphysema and Cancer Action Project (EMCAP) Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176(12):1200–1207.
- Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23(2):168–175.
- Hambrecht R, Effect of exercise on coronary endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(7):454–460.
- Hambrecht R, Correction of endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: additional effects of exercise training and oral L-arginine supplementation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35(3):706–713.
- Vivodtzev I, Significant improvement in arterial stiffness after endurance training in patients with COPD. Chest 2010; 137(3):585–592.
- Wisloff U, A single weekly bout of exercise may reduce cardiovascular mortality: how little pain for cardiac gain? ‘The HUNT study, Norway’. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006; 13(5):798–804.