References
- Maclay JD, McAllister DA, Macnee W. Cardiovascular risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2007; 12(5):634–641.
- Clini E, et al. COPD and the metabolic syndrome: an intriguing association. Intern Emerg Med 2013; 8(4):283–289.
- Minas M, et al., The association of metabolic syndrome with adipose tissue hormones and insulin resistance in patients with COPD without co-morbidities. COPD 2011; 8(6):414–420.
- Leone N, et al. Lung function impairment and metabolic syndrome: the critical role of abdominal obesity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179(6):509–516.
- Lam KB, et al. Airflow obstruction and metabolic syndrome: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Eur Respir J 2010; 35(2):317–323.
- Nakajima K, et al. A possible association between suspected restrictive pattern as assessed by ordinary pulmonary function test and the metabolic syndrome. Chest 2008; 134(4):712–718.
- Fimognari FL, et al. The association between metabolic syndrome and restrictive ventilatory dysfunction in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62(7):760–765.
- Delmonico MJ, et al. Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55(5):769–774.
- Park SW, et al. Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32(11):1993–1997.
- Moon SS. Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in the Korean population: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009–2010. Endocr J 2014; 61(1):61–70.
- Klip A, Paquet MR. Glucose transport and glucose transporters in muscle and their metabolic regulation. Diabetes Care 1990; 13(3):228–243.
- Solerte SB, et al. Nutritional supplements with oral amino acid mixtures increases whole-body lean mass and insulin sensitivity in elderly subjects with sarcopenia. Am J Cardiol 2008; 101(11a):69e–77e.
- Cornier MA, et al., The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2008; 29(7):777–822.
- Yeh HC, et al., Vital capacity as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(6):1472–1479.
- Baumgartner RN, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147(8):755–763.
- Sun Y, et al. Reliability and predictive validity of energy intake measures from the 24-hour dietary recalls of homebound older adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2010; 110(5):773–778.
- Grundy SM, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112(17):2735–2752.
- Gallagher EJ, Leroith D, Karnieli E. Insulin resistance in obesity as the underlying cause for the metabolic syndrome. Mt Sinai J Med 2010; 77(5):511–523.
- Langen RC, et al. Triggers and mechanisms of skeletal muscle wasting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45(10):2245–2256.
- Schols AM, et al. Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157(6 Pt 1):1791–1797.
- Schols AM, et al. Evidence for a relation between metabolic derangements and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in a subgroup of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1996; 51(8):819–824.
- Pitsiou G, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha serum levels, weight loss and tissue oxygenation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2002; 96(8):594–598.
- Lin WY, et al. Impaired lung function is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14(9):1654–1661.
- Vestbo J, et al. Body mass, fat-free body mass, and prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from a random population sample: findings from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173(1):79–83.
- Marquis K, et al. Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166(6):809–813.
- Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(11):1602–1609.
- Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50(5):889–896.
- Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010; 39(4):412–423.