Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and its Non-Smoking Risk Factors in India

References

• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org ( Accessed on 12th December 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Gupta V, Ebrahim S. Genomics of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In: Jindal SK, Vijayan VK (Eds.). World Clinics Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 2013; 2:55–71.
   Google Scholar
• Chhabra SK, Rajpal S, Gupta R. Patterns of smoking in Delhi and comparison of chronic respiratory morbidity among beedi and cigarette smokers. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2001; 43:19–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J 1977;1: 1645–1648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvi SS, Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers. Lancet 2009; 374:733–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng G, Sun B, Zhong N. Non-smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a neglected entity? Respirology 2012; 17:908–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashier BB, Londhe JD, Jantikar AM, et al. Proceedings of the Annual World Congress of the European Respiratory Society: ERS 2005, Copenhagen. Prevalence of obstructive lung diseases in 12,043 urban slum dwellers of Pune City, India. ERS. Copenhagen. Session 351, Epidemiology of COPD. Poster No. 3787, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson P, Balakrishnan K, Ramaswamy P, et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural women of Tamilnadu: implications for refining disease burden assessments attributable to household biomass combustion. Glob Health Action 2011; 4:7226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin P, Zhang M, Li Y, et al. Prevalence of COPD and its association with socioeconomic status in China: findings from China Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance 2007. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Chaudhary K, et al. A multicentric study on epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its relationship with tobacco smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2006; 48:23–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kodgule R, Salvi S. Exposure to biomass smoke as a cause for airway disease in women and children. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 12:82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Majumdar PK, Occupational lifestyle diseases: An emerging issue. Ind J Occup Environ Med 2009; 13:109–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agarwal R, Jayaraman G, Anand S, Marimuthu P. Assessing respiratory morbidity through pollution status and meteorological conditions for Delhi. Environ Monit Assess 2006; 114:489–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380:2197–2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Statistics. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez AD, Shibuya K, Rao C, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current burden and future projections. Eur Respir J 2006; 27:397–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO Global Infobase on 10th March 2012. ( Updated as on 20/01/2011). Available from: https://apps.who.int/infobase/Index.aspx ( Accessed on 8th July 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006; 367:1747–1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvi SS, Manap R, Beasley R. Understanding the true burden of COPD: the epidemiological challenges. Prim Care Respir J 2012; 21:249–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tzanakis N, Anagnostopoulou U, Filaditaki V, et al. Prevalence of COPD in Greece. Chest 2004; 125:892–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jindal SK. Emergence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an epidemic in India. Ind J Med Res 2006; 124:619–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan WC, Ng TP. COPD in Asia: where East meets West. Chest 2008; 133:517–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pande JN, Khilnani GC. Epidemiology and aetiology. In: Shankar PS (Eds.). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mumbai, India: Indian College of Physicians, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Nigam P, Verma BL, Srivastava RN. Chronic bronchitis in an Indian rural community. J Assoc Physicians India 1982; 30:277–280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiruvengadam KV, Raghva TP, Bhardwaj KV. Survey of prevalence of chronic bronchitis in Madras city. In: Viswanath R, Jaggi OP (Eds.). Advances in chronic obstructive lung disease. Delhi: Asthma and Bronchitis Foundation of India, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi RC, Madan RN, Brash AA Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in an industrial population in North India. Thorax 1975; 30:61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik SK, Kashyap S. Chronic bronchitis in rural hills of Himachal Pradesh, northern India. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1986; 28:70–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radha TG, Gupta CK, Singh A, Mathur N. Chronic bronchitis in an urban locality of New Delhi–an epidemiological survey. Ind J Med Res 1977; 66:273–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharyya SN, Bhatnagar JK, Kumar S, Jain PC. Chronic bronchitis in rural population. Ind J Chest Dis 1975; 17:1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akhtar MA, Latif PA. Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in urban population of Kashmir. J Ind Med Assoc 1999; 97:365–366, 369.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malik SK. Profile of chronic bronchitis in North India: The PGI experience (1972-1985). Lung India 1986; 4:89–100.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanathan R, Singh K. Chronic bronchitis and asthma in urban and rural Delhi. In: Viswanathan R, Jaggi OP (Eds.). Advances in chronic obstructive lung disease. Delhi: Asthma and Bronchitis Foundation of India. 1977; 44–58.
   Google Scholar
• Rennard SI. COPD: overview of definitions, epidemiology, and factors influencing its development. Chest 1998; 113:235S–241S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Res Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1256–1276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Udwadia ZF. The burden of undiagnosed airflow obstruction in India. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:547–548.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller MR. Does the use of per cent of predicted have any evidence base? Eur Respir J 2015; 45:322–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quanjer PH, Cooper B, Ruppel GL, et al. Defining airflow obstruction. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:561–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quanjer PH, Weiner DJ, Pretto JJ, et al. Measurement of FEF25-75% and FEF75% does not contribute to clinical decision making. Eur Respir J 2014; 43:1051–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannino DM, Brown C, Giovino GA. Obstructive lung disease deaths in the United States from 1979 through 1993. An analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:814–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay AJ, Mahesh PA, Fordham JZ, Majeed A. Prevalence of COPD in India: a systematic review. Prim Care Respir J 2012; 21:313–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2012; 379:1341–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D. A review of population studies from India to estimate national burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its association with smoking. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2001; 43:139–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wig KL, Guleria JS, Bhasin RC, et al. Certain clinical and epidemiological patterns of chronic obstructive lung disease as seen in Northern India. Ind J Chest Dis 1964; 6:183–194.
   Google Scholar
• Sikand BK, Pamra SP, GP M. Chronic bronchitis in Delhi as revealed by mass survey. Ind J Tub 1966; 13:94–101.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanathan R, Prashad M, Thakur A. Epidemiology of chronic bronchitis: Morbidity survey in Patna urban area. Ind J Med Res 1966; 54:11.
   Google Scholar
• Charan N. Chronic bronchitis in north India, Punjab. In: Viswanathan OJR (Ed.). Advances in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Delhi: Asthma and Bronchitis Foundation of India. 1977; 92–102.
   Google Scholar
• Jindal SK. A field study on follow up at 10 years of prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease & peak expiratory flow rate. Ind J Med Res 1993; 98:20–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray D, Abel R, Selvaraj KG. A 5-yr prospective epidemiological study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural south India. Ind J Med Res 1995; 101:238–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahesh PA, Jayaraj BS, Prahlad ST, et al. Validation of a structured questionnaire for COPD and prevalence of COPD in rural area of Mysore: A pilot study. Lung India 2009; 26:63–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan-Yeung M, Aït-Khaled N, White N, et al. The burden and impact of COPD in Asia and Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8:2–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Cai B. The impact of tobacco on lung health in China. Respirology 2003; 8:17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DS, Kim YS, Jung KS, et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korea: a population-based spirometry survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:842–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuchi Y, Nishimura M, Ichinose M, et al. COPD in Japan: the Nippon COPD Epidemiology study. Respirology 2004; 9:458–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maranetra KN, Chuyaochoo B, Dejsomritrutai W, et al. The prevalence and incidence of COPD among urban older persons of Bangkok Metropolis. J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85:1147–1155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhome AB. COPD in India: Iceberg or volcano? J Thorac Dis 2012; 4:298–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips AM. The influence of environmental factors in chronic bronchitis. J Occup Med 1963; 5:468–475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husman K, KoskenvuoM, KaprioJ, et al. Role of environment in the development of chronic bronchitis. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1987; 152:57–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Causes of COPD. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/causes/en/ ( Accessed on 13th November 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Salvi S, Barnes PJ. Is exposure to biomass smoke the biggest risk factor for COPD globally? Chest. 2010; 138:3–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behera D, Sood P, Singh S. Passive smoking, domestic fuels and lung function in north Indian children. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1998; 40:89–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ko FW, Hui DS. Air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2012; 17:395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KR. National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:13286–13293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boy E, Bruce N, Delgado H. Birth weight and exposure to kitchen wood smoke during pregnancy in rural Guatemala. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancox RJ, Poulton R, GreeneJM, et al. Associations between birth weight, early childhood weight gain and adult lung function. Thorax 2009; 64:228–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurmi OP, Semple S, Simkahda P, et al. COPD and chronic bronchitis risk of indoor air pollution from solid fuel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2010; 65:221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The World Health Report: 2004: Changing History. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/- ( Accessed on 12th February 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson P, Smith KR, Davies M, et al. Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: household energy. Lancet 2009; 374:1917–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KR, Mehta S, Maeusezahl-FeuzM. Indoor smoke from household solid fuels. In: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL (Eds.). Comparative quantification of health risks: Global and regional burden of disease due to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004; 2:1435–1493.
   Google Scholar
• Po JY, FitzGerald JM, Carlsten C. Respiratory disease associated with solid biomass fuel exposure in rural women and children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2011; 66:232–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey MR. Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in a rural community of the Hill Region of Nepal. Thorax 1984; 39:331–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KR, Mehta S. The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in developing countries: comparison of estimates. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003; 206:279–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhabra SK, Chhabra P, Rajpal S, Gupta RK. Ambient air pollution and chronic respiratory morbidity in Delhi. Arch Environ Health 2001; 56:58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich RI, White N, Norman R, et al. Predictors of chronic bronchitis in South African adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8:369–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen BH, Hong CJ, Pandey MR, Smith KR. Indoor air pollution in developing countries. World Health Stat Q 1990; 43:127–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan WC. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Epidemiology. In: Mary IP, Chan-Yeung M, Lam WK, Zhong NS (Eds.). Respiratory Medicine—An Asian Perspective. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005; 61–72.
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO workshop report. Updated 2005. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLDWkshp05Clean.pdf ( Accessed on 20th November 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Venegas A, Sansores RH, Peres-Padilla R, et al. Survival of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to biomass smoke and tobacco. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:393–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera RM, Cosio MG, Ghezzo H, et al. Comparison of lung morphology in COPD secondary to cigarette and biomass smoke. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12:972–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behera D, Jindal SK. Respiratory symptoms in Indian women using domestic cooking fuels. Chest 1991; 100:385–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behera D, Jindal SK, Malhotra HS. Ventilatory function in nonsmoking rural Indian women using different cooking fuels. Respiration 1994; 61:89–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutt D, Srinivasa DK, Rotti SB, et al. Effect of indoor air pollution on the respiratory system of women using different fuels for cooking in an urban slum of Pondicherry. Natl Med J India 1996; 9:113–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad R, Singh A, Garg R, Giridhar GB. Biomass fuel exposure and respiratory diseases in India. Biosci Trends 2012; 6:219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Institute of Population Sciences. National Family Health Survey (MCH and Family Planning): India 2005–2006. Mumbai: International Institute of Population Sciences, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Behera D, Dash S, Yadav SP. Carboxyhaemoglobin in women exposed to different cooking fuels. Thorax 1991; 46:344–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KR. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: recommendations for research. Indoor Air 2002; 12:198–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Duque C, Maldonado D, Peres-Padilla R, et al. Biomass fuels and respiratory diseases: a review of the evidence. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5:577–590.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balakrishnan K, Sankr S, Parikh J, et al. Daily average exposures to respirable particulate matter from combustion of biomass fuels in rural households of southern India. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:1069–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Ramaswamy P, et al. Exposure assessment for respirable particulates associated with household fuel use in rural districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2004; 14:S14–S25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinha SN, Sambandam S, Ramaswamy P, et al. Gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic determination of benzene in indoor air during the use of biomass fuels in cooking time. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1065:315–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha SN, Kulkarni PK, Shah SH, et al. Environmental monitoring of benzene and toluene produced in indoor air due to combustion of solid biomass fuels. Sci Total Environ 2006; 357:280–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari FA, Khan AH, Patel DK, et al. Indoor exposure to respirable particulate matter and particulate-phase PAHs in rural homes in North India. Environ Monit Assess 2010; 170:491–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musthapa MS, Lohani M, Tiwari S, et al. Cytogenetic biomonitoring of Indian women cooking with biofuels: micronucleus and chromosomal aberration tests in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ Mol Mutagen 2004; 43:243–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahesh PA, Jayaraj BS, PrabhakarAK, et al. Identification of a threshold for biomass exposure index for chronic bronchitis in rural women of Mysore district, Karnataka, India. Ind J Med Res 2013; 137:87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta D, Aggarwal A, Jindal S. Pulmonary effects of passive smoking: the Indian experience. Tob Induc Dis 2002; 1:129–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook DG, Strachan DP. Health effects of passive smoking-10: Summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research. Thorax 1999; 54:357–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbex MA, de Souza Conceicao GM, Cendon SP, et al. Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related emergency department visits. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2009; 63:777–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F, et al. The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1057–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauderman WJ, Vora H, McConnell R, et al. Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study. Lancet 2007; 369:571–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Martinez R, Peres-Padilla R, Olaiz-Fernandez G, et al. Lung function growth in children with long-term exposure to air pollutants in Mexico City. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung KF, Zhang J, Zhong N. Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health in Asia. Respirology 2011; 16:1023–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunyer J. Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review. Eur Respir J 2001; 17:1024–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster WM, Brown RH, Macri K, Mitchell CS. Bronchial reactivity of healthy subjects: 18-20 h postexposure to ozone. J Appl Physiol 2000; 89:1804–1810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh SM, Kim HR, Park YJ, et al. Organic extracts of urban air pollution particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in human lung bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells). Mutat Res 2011; 723:142–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budinger GR, McKell JL, Urich D, et al. Particulate matter-induced lung inflammation increases systemic levels of PAI-1 and activates coagulation through distinct mechanisms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happo MS, Salonen RO, Hälinen AI, et al. Inflammation and tissue damage in mouse lung by single and repeated dosing of urban air coarse and fine particles collected from six European cities. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:402–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CM, Thach TQ, Chau PY, et al. Part 4. Interaction between air pollution and respiratory viruses: time-series study of daily mortality and hospital admissions in Hong Kong. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2010; (154):283–362.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kakinoki, Y, Ohashi Y, Tanaka A, et al. Nitrogen dioxide compromises defence functions of the airway epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1998; 538:221–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Outdoor air pollution database. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.who.int/entity/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/OAP_database.xls ( Accessed on 8th July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Pande JN, Bhatta N, Biswas D, et al. Outdoor air pollution and emergency room visits at a hospital in Delhi. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2002; 44:13–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinare SG, Dave KM, Sivaraman A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in urban environment of Bombay. Ind J Med Res 1988; 87:262–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patankar AM, Trivedi PL. Monetary burden of health impacts of air pollution in Mumbai, India: Implications for public health policy. Public Health 2011; 125:157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chester EH, Gillespie DG, Krause FD. The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in chlorine gas workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99:365–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becklake MR. Occupational exposures: evidence for a causal association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:S85–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge PS. Occupation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1994; 7:1032–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari B, KumarR, Madan VK, et al. Magnitude of pesticidal contamination in winter vegetables from Hisar, Haryana. Environ Monit Assess 2003; 87:311–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty S, Mukherjee S, Roychoudhary S, et al. Chronic exposures to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides adversely affect respiratory health of agricultural workers in India. J Occup Health 2009; 51:488–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti B, Purkait S, Gun P, et al. Chronic airflow limitation in a rural Indian population: etiology and relationship to body mass index. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2011; 6:543–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastogi SK, Gupta BN, Mathur N, et al. A survey of chronic bronchitis among brassware workers. Ann Occup Hyg 1992; 36:283–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastogi SK, Gupta BN, Mathur N, Husian T. Ventilatory dysfunction in glass bangle workers. Am J Ind Med 1990; 18:707–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastogi SK, Gupta BN, Husain T, et al. Respiratory symptoms and ventilatory capacity in metal polishers. Hum Exp Toxicol 1992; 11:466–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta SK, Singh SK. A study on the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in workers exposed to smoke and irritant fumes in a railway workshop. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1992; 34:25–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hegewald MJ, Crapo RO. Socioeconomic status and lung function. Chest 2007; 132:1608–1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunemann HJ, McCann S, Grant BJ, et al. Lung function in relation to intake of carotenoids and other antioxidant vitamins in a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155:463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Smith GD. Association between self-reported childhood socioeconomic position and adult lung function: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study. Thorax 2004; 59:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shohaimi S, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. Occupational social class, educational level and area deprivation independently predict plasma ascorbic acid concentration: a cross-sectional population based study in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk). Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:1432–1435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima S, Sakakibara H, Motani S, et al. Effects of smoking and age on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Japan. J Epidemiol 2005; 15:113–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain NK, Thakkar MS, Jain N, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Does gender really matter? Lung India 2011; 28:258–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta B, Kant S, Mishra R, Verma S. Nutritional status of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients admitted in hospital with acute exacerbation. J Clin Med Res 2010; 2:68–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vibhuti A, Arif E, Deepak D, et al. Correlation of oxidative status with BMI and lung function in COPD. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:958–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes AM, Peres-Padilla R, Jardim JR, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study. Lancet 2005; 366:1875–1881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignola AM, Kips J, Bousquet J. Tissue remodeling as a feature of persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:1041–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva GE, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Barbee RA. Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study. Chest 2004; 126:59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Busse WW, et al. Effects of early intervention with inhaled budesonide on lung function in newly diagnosed asthma. Chest 2006; 129:1478–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guha Mazumder D, Dasgupta UB, Chronic arsenic toxicity: studies in West Bengal, India. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2011; 27:360–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock DB, Eijgelsheim M, Wilk JB, et al. Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies identify multiple loci associated with pulmonary function. Nat Genet 2010; 42:45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repapi E, Sayers I, Wain LV, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five loci associated with lung function. Nat Genet 2010; 42:36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilk JB, Chen TH, Gottlieb DJ, et al. A genome-wide association study of pulmonary function measures in the Framingham Heart Study. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serapinas D, Sitkauskiene B, Sakalauskas R. Inflammatory markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with different alpha1 antitrypsin genotypes. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8:1053–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayasaratha K, Stockley RA. Relationship between frequency, length, and treatment outcome of exacerbations to baseline lung function and lung density in alpha-1 antitrypsin-deficient COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012; 7:789–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piras, B, Ferrarotti I, Lara B, et al. Clinical phenotypes of Italian and Spanish patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eur Respir J 2013; 42:54–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topic A, Stankovic M, Divac-Rankov A, et al. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in Serbian adults with lung diseases. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:1282–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuder RM, Janciauskiene SM, Petrache I. Lung disease associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2010;7:381–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta J, Bhadoria DP, Lal MK, et al. Association of the PIM3 allele of the alpha-1-antitrypsin gene with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:489–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla, RK, Kant S, Bhattacharya S, Mittal B. Association of genetic polymorphism of GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTM3 in COPD patients in a north Indian population. COPD 2011; 8:167–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thakur H, Gupta L, Sobti RC, et al. Association of GSTM1T1 genes with COPD and prostate cancer in north Indian population. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:1733–1739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobti RC, Thakur H, Hupta L, et al. Polymorphisms in the HPC/ELAC-2 and alpha 1-antitrypsin genes that correlate with human diseases in a North Indian population. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:3137–3144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arif E, Vibhuti A, Alam P, et al. Association of CYP2E1 and NAT2 gene polymorphisms with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 382):37–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vibhuti A, Arif E, Deepak D, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of GSTP1 and mEPHX correlate with oxidative stress markers and lung function in COPD. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arif E, Vibhuti A, Deepak D, et al. COX2 and p53 risk-alleles coexist in COPD. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 397:48–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vibhuti A, Arif E, Misra A, et al. CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYBA gene polymorphisms associated with oxidative stress in COPD. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:474_480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Bhadoria DP, Dutta K, et al. Combinatorial effect of TIMP-1 and alpha1AT gene polymorphisms on development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1067–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik SK. Exposure to domestic cooking fuels and chronic bronchitis. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1985; 27:171–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qureshi KA. Domestic smoke pollution and prevalence of chronic bronchitis/asthma in a rural area of Kashmir. Ind J Chest Di Allied Sci 1994; 36:61–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shukla, RK, Kant S, Bhattacharya S, Mittal B. Association of genetic polymorphism of GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTM3 in COPD patients in a north Indian population. COPD 2011; 8:167–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar