1,102
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Alterations in regulatory T-cells: Rediscovered pathways in immunotoxicology

, , , , &
Pages 251-257 | Received 12 May 2011, Accepted 17 Jun 2011, Published online: 17 Aug 2011

References

  • Allez, M. and Mayer, L. 2004. Regulatory T cells: Peace keepers in the gut. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 10:666–676.
  • Artik, S., Haarhuis, K., Wu, X., Begerow, J. and Gleichmann, E. 2001. Tolerance to nickel: Oral nickel administration induces a high frequency of anergic T-cells with persistent suppressor activity. J. Immunol. 167:6794–6803.
  • Bach, J. F. and François Bach, J. 2003. Regulatory T-cells under scrutiny. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3:189–198.
  • Battaglia, M., Gregori, S., Bacchetta, R. and Roncarolo, M. G. 2006. Tr1 cells: From discovery to their clinical application. Semin. Immunol. 18:120–127.
  • Bloom, B. R., Salgame, P. and Diamond, B. 1992. Revisiting and revising suppressor T-cells. Immunol. Today 13:131–136.
  • Bol-Schoenmakers, M., Marcondes Rezende, M., Bleumink, R., Boon, L., Man, S., Hassing, I., Fiechter, D., Pieters, R. H. and Smit, J. J. 2011. Regulation by intestinal gδ T-cells during establishment of food allergic sensitization in mice. 66:331–340.
  • Chaudhry, A., Rudra, D., Treuting, P., Samstein, R. M., Liang, Y., Kas, A. and Rudensky, A. Y. 2009. CD4+ regulatory T-cells control Th17 responses in a Stat3-dependent manner. 326:986–991.
  • Chen, X., Murakami, T., Oppenheim, J. J. and Howard, O. M. 2004. Differential response of murine CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25- T-cells to dexamethasone-induced cell death. Eur. J. Immunol. 34:859–869.
  • Colombo, M. P. and Piconese, S. 2007. Regulatory-T-cell inhibition versus depletion: The right choice in cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. 7:880–887.
  • Dinesh, R. K., Skaggs, B. J., La Cava, A., Hahn, B. H. and Singh, R. P. 2010. CD8+ Tregs in lupus, autoimmunity, and beyond. Autoimmun. Rev. 9:560–568.
  • Field, A. C., Caccavelli, L., Bloch, M. F. and Bellon, B. 2003. Regulatory CD8+ T-cells control neonatal tolerance to a Th2-mediated autoimmunity. J. Immunol. 170:2508–2515.
  • Field, A. C., Caccavelli, L., Fillion, J., Kuhn, J., Mandet, C., Druet, P. and Bellon, B. 2000. Neonatal induction of tolerance to T(h)2-mediated autoimmunity in rats. Int. Immunol. 12:1467–1477.
  • Filaci, G., Fenoglio, D., Fravega, M., Ansaldo, G., Borgonovo, G., Traverso, P., Villaggio, B., Ferrera, A., Kunkl, A., Rizzi, M., Ferrera, F., Balestra, P., Ghio, M., Contini, P., Setti, M., Olive, D., Azzarone, B., Carmignani, G., Ravetti, J. L., Torre, G. and Indiveri, F. 2007. CD8+ CD28- T-regulatory lymphocytes inhibiting T-cell proliferative and cytotoxic functions infiltrate human cancers. J. Immunol. 179:4323–4334.
  • Fontenot, J. D., Rasmussen, J. P., Williams, L. M., Dooley, J. L., Farr, A. G. and Rudensky, A. Y. 2005. Regulatory T-cell lineage specification by the forkhead transcription factor FoxP3. 22:329–341.
  • Fort, M. M. and Narayanan, P. K. 2010. Manipulation of regulatory T-cell function by immunomodulators: A boon or a curse? Toxicol. Sci. 117:253–262.
  • Funatake, C. J., Dearstyne, E. A., Steppan, L. B., Shepherd, D. M., Spanjaard, E. S., Marshak-Rothstein, A. and Kerkvliet, N. I. 2004. Early consequences of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure on the activation and survival of antigen-specific T-cells. Toxicol. Sci. 82:129–142.
  • Funatake, C. J., Marshall, N. B. and Kerkvliet, N. I. 2008. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters the differentiation of alloreactive CD8+ T-cells toward a regulatory T-cell phenotype by a mechanism that is dependent on aryl hydrocarbon receptor in CD4+ T-cells. J. Immunotoxicol. 5:81–91.
  • Funatake, C. J., Marshall, N. B., Steppan, L. B., Mourich, D. V. and Kerkvliet, N. I. 2005. Cutting edge: Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin generates a population of CD4+ CD25+ cells with characteristics of regulatory T-cells J. Immunol. 175:4184–4188.
  • Gershon, R. K. and Kondo, K. 1971. Infectious immunological tolerance. Immunology. 21:903–914.
  • Hauben, E., Gregori, S., Draghici, E., Migliavacca, B., Olivieri, S., Woisetschläger, M. and Roncarolo, M. G. 2008. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes allograft-specific tolerance through direct and dendritic cell-mediated effects on regulatory T-cells. Blood 112:1214–1222.
  • Huber, S., Schramm, C., Lehr, H. A., Mann, A., Schmitt, S., Becker, C., Protschka, M., Galle, P. R., Neurath, M. F. and Blessing, M. 2004. Cutting edge: TGF-β signaling is required for the in vivo expansion and immunosuppressive capacity of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T-cells. J. Immunol. 173:6526–6531.
  • Ikezawa, Y., Nakazawa, M., Tamura, C., Takahashi, K., Minami, M. and Ikezawa, Z. 2005. Cyclophosphamide decreases the number, percentage and the function of CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T-cells, which suppress induction of contact hypersensitivity. J. Dermatol. Sci. 39:105–112.
  • Jonuleit, H. and Schmitt, E. 2003. The regulatory T-cell family: Distinct subsets and their interrelations. J. Immunol. 171:6323–6327.
  • Ju, C., McCoy, J. P., Chung, C. J., Graf, M. L. and Pohl, L. R. 2003. Tolerogenic role of Kupffer cells in allergic reactions. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16:1514–1519.
  • Kerkvliet, N. I. 2002. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of TCDD immunotoxicity. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2:277–291.
  • Kerkvliet, N. I., Steppan, L. B., Vorachek, W., Oda, S., Farrer, D., Wong, C. P., Pham, D. and Mourich, D. V. 2009. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor by TCDD prevents diabetes in NOD mice and increases FoxP3+ T-cells in pancreatic lymph nodes. Immunotherapy. 1:539–547.
  • Kimura, A., Naka, T., Nohara, K., Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. and Kishimoto, T. 2008. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates Stat1 activation and participates in the development of TH17 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105:9721–9726.
  • Koch, M. A., Tucker-Heard, G., Perdue, N. R., Killebrew, J. R., Urdahl, K. B. and Campbell, D. J. 2009. The transcription factor T-bet controls regulatory T-cell homeostasis and function during type 1 inflammation. Nat. Immunol. 10:595–602.
  • Kondelková, K., Vokurková, D., Krejsek, J., Borská, L., Fiala, Z. and Ctirad, A. 2010. Regulatory T-cells (Treg) and their roles in immune system with respect to immunopathological disorders. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 53:73–77.
  • Kosuda, L. L., Hosseinzadeh, H., Greiner, D. L. and Bigazzi, P. E. 1994. Role of RT6+ T-lymphocytes in mercury-induced renal autoimmunity: Experimental manipulations of “susceptible” and “resistant” rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 42:303–321.
  • Kunisawa, J., Takahashi, I. and Kiyono, H. 2007. Intraepithelial lymphocytes: Their shared and divergent immunological behaviors in the small and large intestine. Immunol. Rev. 215:136–153.
  • Lan, R. Y., Mackay, I. R. and Gershwin, M. E. 2007. Regulatory T-cells in the prevention of mucosal inflammatory diseases: Patrolling the border. J. Autoimmun. 29:272–280.
  • Layland, L. E., Wulferink, M., Dierkes, S. and Gleichmann, E. 2004. Drug-induced autoantibody formation in mice: Triggering by primed CD4+CD25- T-cells, prevention by primed CD4+CD25+ T-cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 34:36–46.
  • Littman, D. R. and Rudensky, A. Y. 2010. TH17 and regulatory T-cells in mediating and restraining inflammation. Cell 140:845–858.
  • Liu, W., Putnam, A. L., Xu-Yu, Z., Szot, G. L., Lee, M. R., Zhu, S., Gottlieb, P. A., Kapranov, P., Gingeras, T. R., Fazekas de St Groth, B., Clayberger, C., Soper, D. M., Ziegler, S. F. and Bluestone, J. A. 2006. CD127 expression inversely correlates with FoxP3 and suppressive function of human CD4+ Treg cells. J. Exp. Med. 203:1701–1711.
  • Lowney, E. D. 1971. Tolerance of dinitrochlorobenzene, a contact sensitizer, in man. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 48:28–35.
  • Marshall, N. B., Vorachek, W. R., Steppan, L. B., Mourich, D. V. and Kerkvliet, N. I. 2008. Functional characterization and gene expression analysis of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cells generated in mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Immunol. 181:2382–2391.
  • Masson, M. J. and Uetrecht, J. P. 2004. Tolerance induced by low dose D-penicillamine in the Brown Norway rat model of drug-induced autoimmunity is immune-mediated. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17:82–94.
  • Mathieson, P. W., Stapleton, K. J., Oliveira, D. B. and Lockwood, C. M. 1991. Immunoregulation of mercuric chloride-induced autoimmunity in Brown Norway rats: A role for CD8+ T-cells revealed by in vivo depletion studies. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:2105–2109.
  • Mowat, A. M. 2003. Anatomical basis of tolerance and immunity to intestinal antigens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3:331–341.
  • Quintana, F. J., Basso, A. S., Iglesias, A. H., Korn, T., Farez, M. F., Bettelli, E., Caccamo, M., Oukka, M. and Weiner, H. L. 2008. Control of Treg and TH17 cell differentiation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nature. 453:65–71.
  • Pelletier, L., Pasquier, R., Rossert, J., Vial, M. C., Mandet, C. and Druet, P. 1988. Autoreactive T-cells in mercury-induced autoimmunity. Ability to induce the autoimmune disease. J. Immunol. 140:750–754.
  • Pelletier, L., Rossert, J., Pasquier, R., Vial, M. C. and Druet, P. 1990. Role of CD8+ T-cells in mercury-induced autoimmunity or immunosuppression in the rat. Scand. J. Immunol. 31:65–74.
  • Powell, J. D. and Delgoffe, G. M. 2010. The mammalian target of rapamycin: Linking T-cell differentiation, function, and metabolism. Immunity 33:301–311.
  • Rezende, M. M., Hassing, I., Bol-Schoenmakers, M., Bleumink, R., Boon, L., van Bilsen, J. and Pieters, R. 2011. CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory cells do not transfer oral tolerance to peanut allergens in a mouse model of peanut allergy. Clin. Exp. Allergy.
  • Roelofs-Haarhuis, K., Wu, X. and Gleichmann, E. 2004. Oral tolerance to nickel requires CD4+ invariant NKT-cells for the infectious spread of tolerance and the induction of specific regulatory T-cells. J. Immunol. 173:1043–1050.
  • Roncarolo, M. G. and Levings, M. K. 2000. The role of different subsets of T-regulatory cells in controlling autoimmunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12:676–683.
  • Rouse, B. T., Sarangi, P. P. and Suvas, S. 2006. Regulatory T-cells in virus infections. Immunol. Rev. 212:272–286.
  • Sakaguchi, S., Ono, M., Setoguchi, R., Yagi, H., Hori, S., Fehervari, Z., Shimizu, J., Takahashi, T. and Nomura, T. 2006. FoxP3+ CD25+ CD4+ natural regulatory T-cells in dominant self-tolerance and autoimmune disease. Immunol. Rev. 212:8–27.
  • Sakaguchi, S. and Powrie, F. 2007. Emerging challenges in regulatory T-cell function and biology. Science 317:627–629.
  • Schouten, B., van Esch, B. C., Hofman, G. A., Boon, L., Knippels, L. M., Willemsen, L. E. and Garssen, J. 2010. Oligosaccharide-induced whey-specific CD25+ regulatory T-cells are involved in the suppression of cow milk allergy in mice. J. Nutr. 140:835–841.
  • Séguin, B., Masson, M. J. and Uetrecht, J. 2004. D-Penicillamine-induced autoimmunity in the Brown Norway rat: Role for both T- and non-T splenocytes in adoptive transfer of tolerance. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17:1299–1302.
  • Shenton, J. M., Teranishi, M., Abu-Asab, M. S., Yager, J. A. and Uetrecht, J. P. 2003. Characterization of a potential animal model of an idiosyncratic drug reaction: Nevirapine-induced skin rash in the rat. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16:1078–1089.
  • Smit, J. J., Bol-Schoenmakers, M., Hassing, I., Fiechter, D., Boon, L., Bleumink, R. and Pieters, R. H. 2011. The role of intestinal dendritic cells subsets in the establishment of food allergy. Clin. Exp. Allergy 41:890–898.
  • Smith, T. R. and Kumar, V. 2008. Revival of CD8+ Treg-mediated suppression. Trends Immunol. 29:337–342.
  • Stary, G., Klein, I., Bauer, W., Koszik, F., Reininger, B., Kohlhofer, S., Gruber, K., Skvara, H., Jung, T. and Stingl, G. 2011. Glucocorticosteroids modify Langerhans cells to produce TGF ß and expand regulatory T-cells. J. Immunol. 186:103–112.
  • Stevens, E. A., Mezrich, J. D. and Bradfield, C. A. 2009. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: A perspective on potential roles in the immune system. Immunology 127:299–311.
  • Szabo, S. J., Kim, S. T., Costa, G. L., Zhang, X., Fathman, C. G. and Glimcher, L. H. 2000. A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs TH1 lineage commitment. Cell 100:655–669.
  • Szeto, C., Gillespie, K. M. and Mathieson, P. W. 1999. Low-dose mercuric chloride induces resistance in Brown Norway rats to further mercuric chloride by up-regulation of interferon-γ. Scand. J. Immunol. 50:195–201.
  • Thorstenson, K. M. and Khoruts, A. 2001. Generation of anergic and potentially immunoregulatory CD25+CD4+ T-cells in vivo after induction of peripheral tolerance with intravenous or oral antigen. J. Immunol. 167:188–195.
  • van Wijk, F., Wehrens, E. J., Nierkens, S., Boon, L., Kasran, A., Pieters, R. and Knippels, L. M. 2007. CD4+CD25+ T-cells regulate the intensity of hypersensitivity responses to peanut, but are not decisive in the induction of oral sensitization. Clin. Exp. Allergy 37:572–581.
  • Veldhoen, M., Hirota, K., Christensen, J., O’Garra, A. and Stockinger, B. 2009a. Natural agonists for aryl hydrocarbon receptor in culture medium are essential for optimal differentiation of TH17 T-cells. J. Exp. Med. 206:43–49.
  • Veldhoen, M., Hirota, K., Westendorf, A. M., Buer, J., Dumoutier, L., Renauld, J. C. and Stockinger, B. 2008b. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor links TH17-cell-mediated autoimmunity to environmental toxins. Nature 453:106–109.
  • Vorderstrasse, B. A. and Kerkvliet, N. I. 2001. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin affects the number and function of murine splenic dendritic cells and their expression of accessory molecules. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 171:117–125.
  • Weiner, H. L., da Cunha, A. P., Quintana, F. and Wu, H. 2011. Oral tolerance. Immunol. Rev. 241:241–259.
  • Yamazaki, S., Inaba, K., Tarbell, K. V. and Steinman, R. M. 2006. Dendritic cells expand antigen-specific FoxP3+CD25+CD4+ regulatory T-cells including suppressors of alloreactivity. Immunol. Rev. 212:314–329.
  • Zheng, Y., Chaudhry, A., Kas, A., deRoos, P., Kim, J. M., Chu, T. T., Corcoran, L., Treuting, P., Klein, U. and Rudensky, A. Y. 2009. Regulatory T-cell suppressor program co-opts transcription factor IRF4 to control TH2 responses. Nature 458:351–356.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.