485
Views
63
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Management of phosgene-induced acute lung injury

&
Pages 497-508 | Received 01 Jun 2010, Accepted 04 Jul 2010, Published online: 20 Sep 2010

References

  • Grainge C. Breath of life: the evolution of oxygen therapy. J R Soc Med 2004; 97:489–493.
  • Fitzgerald GJ. Chemical warfare and medical response during World War I. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:611–625.
  • Borak J, Diller WF. Phosgene exposure: mechanisms of injury and treatment strategies. J Occup Environ Med 2001; 43:110–119.
  • Blain PG. Expert Group on the Management of Chemical Casualties Caused by Terrorist Activity. Department of Health 2003.
  • Russell D, Blain PG, Rice P. Clinical management of casualties exposed to lung damaging agents: a critical review. EMJ 2006; 23:421–424.
  • Grainge C, Smith AJ, Jugg B, Jenner J, Rice P. Furosemide therapy in the treatment of phosgene induced acute lung injury. J R Army Med Corps. In Press.
  • Grainge C, Jugg BJ, Smith AJ, Brown RFR, Jenner J, Parkhouse DA, Rice P. Delayed low-dose supplemental oxygen improves survival following phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:552–560.
  • Grainge C, Brown R, Jugg BJ, Smith AJ, Mann TM, Jenner J, Rice P, Parkhouse DA. Early treatment with nebulised salbutamol worsens physiological measures and does not improve survival following phosgene induced acute lung injury. J R Army Med Corps 2009; 155:105–109.
  • Smith A, Brown R, Jugg B, Platt J, Mann T, Masey C, Jenner J, Rice P. The effect of steroid treatment with inhaled budesonide or intravenous methylprednisolone on phosgene-induced acute lung injury in a porcine model. Mil Med 2009; 174:1287–1294.
  • Parkhouse DA, Brown RF, Jugg BJ, Harban FM, Platt J, Kenward CE, Jenner J, Rice P, Smith AJ. Protective ventilation strategies in the management of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Mil Med 2007; 172:295–300.
  • Davy H. On a combination of oxymuriatic gas and oxygen gas. Philos Trans R Soc 1811; 101:155–162.
  • Davy J. On a gaseous compound of carbonic oxide and chlorine. Philos Trans R Soc 1812; 102:144–151.
  • Registry AfTSaD. Phosgene - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry guidelines. 2007.
  • Gift JS, McGaughy R, Singh DV, Sonawane B. Health assessment of phosgene: approaches for derivation of reference concentration. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 51:98–107.
  • Pauluhn J, Carson A, Costa DL, Gordon T, Kodavanti U, Last JA, Matthay MA, Pinkerton KE, Sciuto AM. Workshop summary: phosgene-induced pulmonary toxicity revisited: appraisal of early and late markers of pulmonary injury from animal models with emphasis on human significance. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:789–810.
  • Smart J. History of chemical and biological warfare: an American perspective. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington, DC: Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 2000:9–86.
  • Shi J. Three patients with acute phosgene poisoning. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2006; 24:254.
  • Abbasi T, Abbasi SA. The boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE): mechanism, consequence assessment, management. J Hazard Mater 2007; 141:489–519.
  • Woodall J. Tokyo subway gas attack. Lancet 1997; 350:296.
  • Black RM. An overview of biological markers of exposure to chemical warfare agents. J Anal Toxicol 2008; 32:2–9.
  • Diller WF. Pathogenesis of phosgene poisoning. Toxicol Ind Health 1985; 1:7–15.
  • Jugg B, Jenner J, Rice P. The effect of perfluoroisobutene and phosgene on rat lavage fluid surfactant phospholipids. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999; 18:659–668.
  • Guo YL, Kennedy TP, Michael JR, Sciuto AM, Ghio AJ, Adkinson NF, Gurtner GH. Mechanism of phosgene-induced lung toxicity: role of arachidonate mediators. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69:1615–1622.
  • Sciuto AM, Stotts RR, Chittenden V, Choung E, Heflin MD. Changes in absorbance at 413 nm in plasma from three rodent species exposed to phosgene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 226:906–911.
  • Duniho SM, Martin J, Forster JS, Cascio MB, Moran TS, Carpin LB, Sciuto AM. Acute changes in lung histopathology and bronchoalveolar lavage parameters in mice exposed to the choking agent gas phosgene. Toxicol Pathol 2002; 30:339–349.
  • De Curtis V, Gemma S, Sbraccia M, Testai E, Vittozzi L. The contribution of electrophilic and radicalic intermediates to phospholipid adducts formed by halomethanes in vivo. J Biochem Toxicol 1994; 9:305–310.
  • Sciuto AM, Cascio MB, Moran TS, Forster JS. The fate of antioxidant enzymes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid over 7 days in mice with acute lung injury. Inhal Toxicol 2003; 15:675–685.
  • Sciuto AM, Phillips CS, Orzolek LD, Hege AI, Moran TS, Dillman JF. Genomic analysis of murine pulmonary tissue following carbonyl chloride inhalation. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:1654–1660.
  • Frosolono MF, Currie WD. Response of the pulmonary surfactant system to phosgene. Toxicol Ind Health 1985; 1:29–35.
  • Sciuto AM, Stotts RR. Posttreatment with eicosatetraynoic acid decreases lung edema in guinea pigs exposed to phosgene: the role of leukotrienes. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:273–292.
  • Sciuto AM, Moran TS, Narula A, Forster JS. Disruption of gas exchange in mice after exposure to the chemical threat agent phosgene. Mil Med 2001; 166:809–814.
  • Brown RF, Jugg BJ, Harban FM, Ashley Z, Kenward CE, Platt J, Hill A, Rice P, Watkins PE. Pathophysiological responses following phosgene exposure in the anaesthetized pig. J Appl Toxicol 2002; 22:263–269.
  • Kennedy TP, Michael JR, Hoidal JR, Hasty D, Sciuto AM, Hopkins C, Lazar R, Bysani GK, Tolly E, Gurtner GH. Dibutyryl cAMP, aminophylline, and beta-adrenergic agonists protect against pulmonary edema caused by phosgene. J Appl Physiol 1989; 67:2542–2552.
  • Glass D, McClanahan M, Koller L, Adeshina F. Provisional advisory levels (PALs) for phosgene (CG). Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21(Suppl 3):73–94.
  • Ghio A, Lehmann J, Winsett D, Richards J, Costa D. Colchicine decreases airway hyperreactivity after phosgene exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2005; 17:277–285.
  • Sciuto AM, Moran TS. Effect of dietary treatment with n-propyl gallate or vitamin E on the survival of mice exposed to phosgene. J Appl Toxicol 2001; 21:33–39.
  • Sciuto AM. Posttreatment with ETYA protects against phosgene-induced lung injury by amplifying the glutathione to lipid peroxidation ratio. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12:347–356.
  • Sciuto AM, Moran TS. BHA diet enhances the survival of mice exposed to phosgene: the effect of BHA on glutathione levels in the lung. Inhal Toxicol 1999; 11:855–871.
  • Sciuto AM, Strickland PT, Gurtner GH. Post-exposure treatment with isoproterenol attenuates pulmonary edema in phosgene-exposed rabbits. J Appl Toxicol 1998; 18:321–329.
  • Sciuto AM, Strickland PT, Kennedy TP, Gurtner GH. Postexposure treatment with aminophylline protects against phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Exp Lung Res 1997; 23:317–332.
  • Sciuto AM, Stotts RR, Hurt HH. Efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. J Appl Toxicol 1996; 16:381–384.
  • Sciuto AM, Strickland PT, Kennedy TP, Guo YL, Gurtner GH. Intratracheal administration of DBcAMP attenuates edema formation in phosgene-induced acute lung injury. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80:149–157.
  • Sciuto AM, Strickland PT, Kennedy TP, Gurtner GH. Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine treatment after phosgene exposure in rabbits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151:768–772.
  • Ji L, Liu R, Zhang XD, Chen HL, Bai H, Wang X, Zhao HL, Liang X, Hai CX. N-acetylcysteine attenuates phosgene-induced acute lung injury via up-regulation of Nrf2 expression. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:535–542.
  • Ghio AJ, Kennedy TP, Hatch GE, Tepper JS. Reduction of neutrophil influx diminishes lung injury and mortality following phosgene inhalation. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71:657–665.
  • Kennedy TP, Rao NV, Noah W, Michael JR, Jafri MH, Gurtner GH, Hoidal JR. Ibuprofen prevents oxidant lung injury and in vitro lipid peroxidation by chelating iron. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:1565–1573.
  • Matute-Bello G, Frevert CW, Martin TR. Animal models of acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L379–L399.
  • Persson CGA. Con: mice are not a good model of human airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:6–7; discussion 8.
  • Sciuto AM. Assessment of early acute lung injury in rodents exposed to phosgene. Arch Toxicol 1998; 72:283–288.
  • Prows DR, Daly MJ, Shertzer HG, Leikauf GD. Ozone-induced acute lung injury: genetic analysis of F(2) mice generated from A/J and C57BL/6J strains. Am J Physiol 1999; 277:L372–L380.
  • Leikauf GD, McDowell SA, Wesselkamper SC, Hardie WD, Leikauf JE, Korfhagen TR, Prows DR. Acute lung injury: functional genomics and genetic susceptibility. Chest 2002; 121:70S–75S.
  • Pauluhn J. Acute head-only exposure of dogs to phosgene. Part III. Comparison of indicators of lung injury in dogs and rats. Inhal Toxicol 2006; 18:609–621.
  • Heard KJ. Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:285–292.
  • Nash EF, Stephenson A, Ratjen F, Tullis E. Nebulized and oral thiol derivatives for pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2009; 1: CD007168. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007168.pub2.
  • Trivedi H, Daram S, Szabo A, Bartorelli AL, Marenzi G. High-dose N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Med 2009; 874:e9–e15.
  • Martin W, Koselowske G, Töberich H, Kerkmann T, Mangold B, Augustin J. Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of ibuprofen after oral administration of ibuprofen lysine in man. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1990; 11:265–278.
  • Polosa R, Lau LC, Holgate ST. Inhibition of adenosine 5′-monophosphate- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma by inhaled frusemide. Eur Respir J 1990; 3:665–672.
  • O'Connor BJ, Chung KF, Chen-Worsdell YM, Fuller RW, Barnes PJ. Effect of inhaled furosemide and bumetanide on adenosine 5′-monophosphate- and sodium metabisulfite-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:1329–1333.
  • Anderson SD, He W, Temple DM. Inhibition by furosemide of inflammatory mediators from lung fragments. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:131.
  • Inoue T, Shigeta M, Mochizuki H, Shimizu T, Morikawa A, Suzuki H, Watanabe N, Tateno M, Oriuchi N, Hirano T, Tomiyoshi K, Endo K. Effect of inhaled furosemide on lung clearance of technetium-99m-DTPA. J Nucl Med 1995; 36:73–77.
  • Lahet JJ, Lenfant F, Courderot-Masuyer C, Ecarnot-Laubriet E, Vergely C, Durnet-Archeray MJ, Freysz M, Rochette L. In vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties of furosemide. Life Sci 2003; 73:1075–1082.
  • Kang MY, Tsuchiya M, Packer L, Manabe M. In vitro study on antioxidant potential of various drugs used in the perioperative period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42:4–12.
  • Perkins GD, McAuley DF, Thickett DR, Gao F. The beta-agonist lung injury trial (BALTI): a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:281–287.
  • Ghio AJ, Hatch GE. Tolerance to phosgene is associated with a neutrophilic influx into the rat lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1064–1071.
  • Molad Y. Update on colchicine and its mechanism of action. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002; 4:252–256.
  • Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1301–1308.
  • Knight PR, Kurek C, Davidson BA, Nader ND, Patel A, Sokolowski J, Notter RH, Holm BA. Acid aspiration increases sensitivity to increased ambient oxygen concentrations. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 278:L1240–L1247.
  • Malatino EM. Strategic national stockpile: overview and ventilator assets. Respir Care 2008; 53:91–5; discussion 5.
  • Wilgis J. Strategies for providing mechanical ventilation in a mass casualty incident: distribution versus stockpiling. Respir Care 2008; 53:96–100; discussion 3.
  • Diller WF, Zante R. A literature review: therapy for phosgene poisoning. Toxicol Ind Health 1985; 1:117–128.
  • Manning AM. Oxygen therapy and toxicity. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002; 32:1005–1020.
  • American Chemistry Council. Phosgene: information on options for first aid and medical treatment. Arlington, VA, USA: American Chemistry Council; 2006.
  • O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Davison AG, Society BT. BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. Thorax 2008; 63(Suppl 6):vi1–vi68.
  • National Institute of Health. NIH strategic plan and research agenda for medical countermeasures against chemical threats. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health; 2007.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.