310
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Poisons centres

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: Experience of 9 years of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-related incidents during rave parties in The Netherlands

&
Pages 311-315 | Received 14 Dec 2010, Accepted 24 Mar 2011, Published online: 12 May 2011

References

  • Munir V, Hutton J, Harney J, Buykx P, Weiland T, Dent A. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: a 30 month emergency department review. Emerg Med Australas 2008; 20:521–530.
  • Williams H, Taylor R, Roberts M. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a new drug of misuse. Ir Med J 1998; 91:56–57.
  • Hodges B, Everett J. Acute toxicity from home-brewed gamma hydroxybutyrate. J Am Board Fam Pract 1998; 11:154–157.
  • Ryan JM, Stell I. Gamma hydroxybutyrate – a coma inducing recreational drug. J Accid Emerg Med 1997; 14:259–261.
  • James C. Another case of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose. J Emerg Nurs 1996; 2297.
  • Ross TM. Gamma hydroxybutyrate overdose: two cases illustrate the unique aspects of this dangerous recreational drug. J Emerg Nurs 1995; 21:374–376.
  • Graeme KA. New drugs of abuse. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2000; 18:625–636.
  • Eckstein M, Henderson S, DelaCruz P, Newton E. Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB): report of a mass intoxication and review of the literature. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999; 3:357–361.
  • ElSohly M, Salamone S. Prevalence of drugs used in cases of alleged sexual assault. J Anal Toxicol 1999; 23:141–146.
  • Kam P, Yoong F. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: an emerging recreational drug. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:1195–1198.
  • Keizer ADJ, Scholten WK, Lousberg RJJC, Kustner B, Knaack F, Spruit IP, et al.Risicoschattingsrapport betreffende gammahydroxybutyraat (GHB). Den Haag: IGZ; 1999.
  • Gram H, Jongedijk S, Olthof S, Reinders A, van Schubert D. Dance in Nederland. De betekenis en impact van dance op de Nederlandse economie en maatschappij: Een verkenning. KPMG: Amstelveen; 2002.
  • Abraham MD, Kaal HL, Cohen PDA. Licit and Illicit Drug Use in The Netherlands 2001. Amsterdam: Cedro/Mets & Schilt; 2002.
  • Engels RC, ter Bogt T. Outcome expectancies and ecstasy use in visitors of rave parties in the Netherlands. Eur Addict Res 2004; 10:156–162.
  • Pijlman FTA, Krul J, Niesink RJM. Uitgaan en veiligheid: feiten en fictie over alcohol, drugs en gezondheidsverstoringen. Utrecht: Trimbos; 2003.
  • ter Bogt TFM, Engels RCME. Partying hard: party style, motives for and effects of MDMA use at rave parties. Subst Use Misuse 2005; 40:1479–502.
  • ter Bogt TFM, Engels RCME, Dubas JS. Party people: personality and MDMA use of house party visitors. Addict Behav 2006; 31:1240–1244.
  • van de Wijngaart GF, Braam R, de Bruin D, Fris M, Maalsté N, Verbraeck H. Ecstacy in het uitgaanscircuit. Utrecht: CVO; 1997.
  • van de Wijngaart GF, Braam R, de Bruin D, Fris M, Maalste NJM, Verbraeck HT. Ecstasy use at large-scale dance events in the Netherlands. J Drug Issues 1999; 29:679–702.
  • van der Poel A, Doekhie J, Verdurmen J, Wouters M, Korf DJ, van Laar M. Feestmeter 2008–2009. Uitgaan en middelengebruik onder bezoekers van party’s en clubs. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut; 2010.
  • Milsten AM, Maguire BJ, Bissel RA, Seaman KG. Mass-gathering medical care: a review of the literature. Prehospital Disast Med 2002; 17:151–162.
  • Milsten AM, Seaman KG, Liu P, Bissel RA, Maguire BJ. Variables influencing medical usage rates, injury patterns, and levels of care for mass gatherings. Prehospital Disast Med 2003; 18:334–346.
  • Krul J, Girbes ARJ. Experience of health-related problems during house parties in the Netherlands: nine years of experience and three million visitors. Prehospital Disast Med 2009; 24:133–139.
  • Nabben T, Benschop A, Korf DJ. Antenne 2005: Trends in Alcohol, tabak en drugs bij jonge Amsterdammers. Amsterdam: Rozenberg; 2006.
  • Korf DJ, Nabben T, Leenders F, Benschop A. GHB: Tussen Extase en Narcose. Amsterdam: Rozenberg; 2002.
  • de Boer J. Rampengeneeskunde. Een samenvattend overzicht. Spoedeisende en rampengeneeskunde. Amsterdam: VU Uitgeverij; 2001. pp 179–191
  • Bodson Q, Denooz R, Serpe P, Charlier C. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) measurement by GC-MS in blood, urine and gastric contents, following an acute intoxication in Belgium. Acta Clin Belg 2008; 63:200–208.
  • Degenhardt L, Darke S, Dillon P. GHB use among Australians: characteristics, use patterns and associated harm. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002; 67:89–94.
  • Galicia M, Nogue S, To-Figueras J, Echarte JL, Iglesias ML, Miro O. Poisoning by liquid ecstasy (GHB) in hospital emergency departments of Barcelona: a 2-years study. Med Clin (Barc) 2008; 130:254–258.
  • Sporer KA, Chin RL, Dyer JE, Lamb R. Gamma-hydroxyburate serum levels and clinical syndrome after severe overdose. Annals Emerg Med 2003; 42.
  • de Bruin D, Maalste NJM, van de Wijngaart GF. Goed fout gaan. Eerste hulp op grote dansevenementen. Utrecht: CVO; 1998.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.