Fatty acids antagonize bupivacaine - induced I_Na blockade

References

• Eledjam JJ, de la Coussaye JE, Brugada J, Bassoul B, Gagnol JP, Fabregat JR, Massé C, Sassine A. In vitro study on mechanisms of bupivacaine-induced depression of myocardial contractility. Anesth Analg 1989; 69:732–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterworth JF, Brownlow RC, Leith JP, Prielipp RC, Cole LR. Bupivacaine inhibits cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate production. A possible contributing factor to cardiovascular toxicity. Anesthesiology 1993; 79:88–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg GL, Palmer JW, VadeBoncouer TR, Zuechner MB, Edelman G, Hoppel CL. Bupivacaine inhibits acylcarnitine exchange in cardiac mitochondria. Anesthesiology 2000; 92:523–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz A. Mechanisms of (local) anaesthetics on voltage-gated sodium and other ion channels. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:52–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordell CL, Schubkegel T, Light TR, Ahmad F. Lipid infusion rescue for bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest after axillary block. J Hand Surg Am 2010; 35:144–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm T, Andreassen AK, Aukrust P, Andersen K, Geiran OR, Kjekshus J, Simonsen S, Gullestad L. Omega-3 fatty acids improve blood pressure control and preserve renal function in hypertensive heart transplant recipients. Eur Heart J 2001; 22:428–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB. Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 2006; 105:217–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith H, Jacob A, Segura L, Dilger JA, Torsher L. Simulation education in anesthesia training: a case report of successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest linked to recent simulation training. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2008; 106:1581–1584, table of contents.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W. Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2003; 28:198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, Garcia-Amaro MF, Cwik MJ. Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:1071–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, Notebaert E, Sanogo K, Chauny JM. Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Clin toxicol (Philadelphia, Pa) 2010; 48:1–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-Lawrence D, Kerns W. Intravenous Fat Emulsion: A Potential Novel Antidote. Toxicol Rev 2008; 4:108–114.
   Google Scholar
• Leaf A, Kang JX, Xiao YF. Fish oil fatty acids as cardiovascular drugs. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2008; 6:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao YF, Wright SN, Wang GK, Morgan JP, Leaf A. Coexpression with beta(1)-subunit modifies the kinetics and fatty acid block of hH1(alpha) Na(+) channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279:H35–H46.
   Google Scholar
• Groban L, Deal DD, Vernon JC, James RL, Butterworth J. Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao Y, Sigg D, Leaf A. The Antiarrhythmic Effect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Modulation of Cardiac Ion Channels as a Potential Mechanism. J Membrane Biol 2005; 206:141–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li GR, Sun HY, Zhang XH, Cheng LC, Chiu SW, Tse HF, Lau CP. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier K + currents and Na + current in human atrial myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 81:286–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepe S, Bogdanov K, Hallaq H, Spurgeon H, Leaf A, Lakatta E. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid modulates dihydropyridine effects on L-type Ca2 + channels, cytosolic Ca2 +, and contraction in adult rat cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:8832–8836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao YF, Ke Q, Chen Y, Morgan JP, Leaf A. Inhibitory effect of n-3 fish oil fatty acids on cardiac Na + /Ca2 + exchange currents in HEK293t cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2004; 321:116–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson ES, Iaizzo PA, Xiao YF. Electrophysiological Mechanisms of the Anti-arrhythmic Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:42–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao YF, Ke Q, Wang SY, Auktor K, Yang Y, Wang GK, Morgan JP, Leaf A. Single point mutations affect fatty acid block of human myocardial sodium channel alpha subunit Na + channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:3606–3611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar