Position paper update: gastric lavage for gastrointestinal decontamination

References

• World Health Organization [http://www.who.int/en/] Programmes and projects – Global Burden of Disease – Disease and injury country estimates – Death estimates for 2008 by causes for WHO Member States. [http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html]
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position Statement: Gastric Lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35:711–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vale JA, Kulig K. Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42:933–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green JL, Rumack BH, Giffin SL. 2009 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 27th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48:979–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin GL. Trends in the emergency department use of gastric lavage for poisoning events in the United States, 1993–2003. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 48:232.
   Google Scholar
• Dyas J, Krishna CV, Aldridge GL, Thompson JP. Gastric Lavage – an audit of current UK practice. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48:206.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold FJ Jr, Hodges JB Jr, Barta RA Jr, Spector S, Sunshine I, Wedgewood RJ. Evaluation of the efficacy of lavage and induced emesis in treatment of salicylate poisoning. Pediatrics 1959; 23:286–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdallah AH, Tye A. A comparison of the efficacy of emetic drugs and stomach lavage. Am J Dis Child 1967; 113:571–575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corby DG, Lisciandro RC, Lehman RH, Decker WJ. The efficiency of methods used to evacuate the stomach after acute ingestions. Pediatrics 1967; 40:871–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton BT, Bayer MJ, Barron L, Aitchison JP. Comparison of activated charcoal and gastric lavage in the prevention of aspirin absorption. J Emerg Med 1984; 1:411–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tenenbein M, Cohen S, Sitar DS. Efficacy of ipecac-induced emesis, orogastric lavage, and activated charcoal for acute drug overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16:838–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danel V, Henry JA, Glucksman E. Activated charcoal, emesis, and gastric lavage in aspirin overdose. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988; 296:1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapatto-Reiniluoto O, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ. Gastric decontamination performed 5 min after the ingestion of temazepam, verapamil and moclobemide: charcoal is superior to lavage. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49:274–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapatto-Reiniluoto O, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ. Efficacy of activated charcoal versus gastric lavage half an hour after ingestion of moclobemide, temazepam, and verapamil. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 56:285–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandberg D, Diven BG, McLeod JW. Ipecac-induced emesis versus gastric lavage: a controlled study in normal adults. Am J Emerg Med 1986; 4:205–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young WF, Bivins HG. Evaluation of gastric emptying using radionuclides: gastric lavage versus ipecac-induced emesis. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1423–1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha M, George J, Chiu MJ, Erdman WA, Hayes JE. A comparison of three gastric lavage methods using the radionuclide gastric emptying study. J Emerg Med 1996; 14:413–418.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saetta JP, Quinton DN. Residual gastric content after gastric lavage and ipecacuanha-induced emesis in self-poisoned patients: an endoscopic study. J R Soc Med 1991; 84:35–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saetta JP, March S, Gaunt ME, Quinton DN. Gastric emptying procedures in the self-poisoned patient: are we forcing gastric content beyond the pylorus? J R Soc Med 1991; 84:274–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach PS, Osterloh J, Braun O, Hu P, Geehr EC, Kizer KW, McKinney H. Efficacy of gastric emptying: gastric lavage versus emesis induced with ipecac. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15:692–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharman JR, Cretney MJ, Scott RD, Janus ED. Drug overdoses: is one stomach washing enough? N Z Med J 1975; 81:195–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz HS. Acute meprobamate poisoning with gastrotomy and removal of a drug-containing mass. N Engl J Med 1976; 295:1177–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor LB, Gordon EI, Greendyke RM. Therapeutic implications of autopsy findings in acute barbiturate intoxication. N Y State J Med 1968; 68:2090–2092.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borrás Blasco J, Murcia López A, Romero Crespo I, Sirvent Pedreño A, Navarro Ruiz A. Acute intoxication with sustained-release lithium carbonate tablets. A propos of a case. Farm Hosp 2005; 29:140–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwerk C, Schulz M, Schwerk N, Blüher S, Kiess W, Siekmeyer W. Etilefrinhydrochloride tablet ingestion: successful therapy by endoscopic removal of tablet conglomerate. Klin Padiatr 2009; 221:93–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler P, Lynch M, Katz K, Lyons JM, Ochoa J, King C. Hypothermia: an unusual indication for gastric lavage. J Emerg Med 2011; 40:176–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura Y, Kamada Y, Kimura S. Efficacy of abdominal computed tomography and nasogastric tube in acute poisoning patients. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26:738.e3–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimura Y, Kamada Y, Kimura S. A patient with numerous tablets remaining in the stomach even 5 hours after ingestion. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26:118.e1–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harstad E, Møller KO, Simesen MH. Über den Wert der Magenspülung bei der Behandlung von akuten Vergiftungen. Acta Med Scand 1942; 112:478–514.
   Google Scholar
• Wright JT. The value of barbiturate estimations in the diagnosis and treatment of barbiturate intoxication. Q J Med 1955; 24:95–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allan BC. The role of gastric lavage in the treatment of patients suffering from barbiturate over-dose. Med J Aust 1961; 2:513–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew H, Mackintosh TF, Tompsett SL, Cameron JC. Gastric aspiration and lavage in acute poisoning. Br Med J 1966; 1:1333–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson WA, Leighton J, Guy J, Bergman R, Garriott JC. Recovery of cyclic antidepressants with gastric lavage. J Emerg Med 1989; 7:373–377.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salen P, Shih R, Sierzenski P, Reed J. Effect of physostigmine and gastric lavage in a Datura stramonium-induced anticholinergic poisoning epidemic. Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21:316–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill TJ, Greene MK, Dove AF. A comparison of the efficacy of gastric lavage, ipecacuanha and activated charcoal in the emergency management of paracetamol overdose. Arch Emerg Med 1990; 7:148–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Comstock EG, Faulkner TP, Boisaubin EV, Olson DA, Comstock BS. Studies on the efficacy of gastric lavage as practiced in a large metropolitan hospital. Clin Toxicol 1981; 18:581–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulig K, Bar-Or D, Cantrill SV, Rosen P, Rumack BH. Management of acutely poisoned patients without gastric emptying. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14:562–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pond SM, Lewis-Driver DJ, Williams GM, Green AC, Stevenson NW. Gastric emptying in acute overdose: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust 1995; 163:345–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merigian KS, Woodard M, Hedges JR, Roberts JR, Stuebing R, Rashkin MC. Prospective evaluation of gastric emptying in the self-poisoned patient. Am J Emerg Med 1990; 8:479–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Tse ML, Gawarammana I, Buckley N, Eddleston M. Systematic review of controlled clinical trials of gastric lavage in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Clin Toxicol 2009; 47:179–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang LH, Xian MP, Geng WQ, Qin ZL, Li YX. Logistic regression analysis of factors influencing clinical therapeutic effect on acute tetramine poisoning. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2004; 22:26–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amigó M, Nogué S, Sanjurjo E, Faro J, Ferró I, Miró O. Eficacia y seguridad de la descontaminación digestiva en la intoxicación medicamentosa aguda. Med Clin (Barc) 2004; 122:487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips S, Gomez H, Brent J. Pediatric gastrointestinal decontamination in acute toxin ingestion. J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 33:497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrone J, Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR. Special considerations in gastrointestinal decontamination. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1994; 12:285–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erickson TB, Thompson TM, Lu JJ. The approach to the patient with an unknown overdose. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2007; 25:249–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer L, Anderson FP, Rowe DS. Comparison of ipecac-induced emesis with gastric lavage in the treatment of acute salicylate ingestion. J Pediatr 1969; 74:800–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spray SB, Zuidema GD, Cameron JL. Aspiration pneumonia: incidence of aspiration with endotracheal tubes. Am J Surg 1976; 131:701–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan BC. The role of gastric lavage in the treatment of patients suffering from barbiturate overdose. Med J Aust 1961; 2:513–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AM, Robins JB, Prescott LF. Changes in cardiorespiratory function during gastric lavage for drug overdose. Human Toxicol 1987; 6:215–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caravati EM, Knight HH, Linscott MS Jr, Stringham JC. Esophageal laceration and charcoal mediastinum complicating gastric lavage. J Emerg Med 2001; 20:273–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmanabhan K, Gadde H, Vora S. Acute mediastinal widening following endotracheal intubation and gastric lavage. Esophageal perforation with mediastinal abscess. West J Med 1991; 155:419–420.
   Google Scholar
• Askenasi R, Abramowicz M, Jeanmart J, Ansay J, Degaute JP. Esophageal perforation: an unusual complication of gastric lavage. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13:146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariani PJ, Pook N. Gastrointestinal tract perforation with charcoal peritoneum complicating orogastric intubation and lavage. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:606–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justiniani FR, Hippalgaonkar R, Martinez LO. Charcoal-containing empyema complicating treatment for overdose. Chest 1985; 87:404–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald P, Stern J, Weiner B, Goldfrank L. Esophageal tear following forceful removal of an impacted oral-gastric lavage tube. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15:80–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerc F, Martin V, Gaudier B. Intoxication par l'eau secondaire au lavage d'estomac. Presse Med 1981; 10:1149–1150.
   Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Haggalla S, Reginald K, Sudarshan K, Senthilkumaran M, Karalliedde L, . The hazards of gastric lavage for intentional self-poisoning in a resource poor location. Clin Toxicol 2007; 45: 136–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayashree M, Singhi S, Gupta A. Predictors of outcome in children with hydrocarbon poisoning receiving intensive care. Indian Pediatr 2006; 43:715–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CY, Wu CL, Tsan YT, Hsu JY, Hung DZ, Wang CH. Early onset pneumonia in patients with cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. Respirology 2010; 15:961–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokel Y, Sertdemir Y, Yilmaz M, Sahan M. Gastric lavage with normal saline: effects on serum electrolytes. Bratisl Lek Listy 2010; 111:216–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths EA, Yap N, Poulter J, Hendrickse MT, Khurshid M. Thirty-four cases of esophageal perforation: the experience of a district general hospital in the UK. Dis Esophagus 2009; 22:616–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt JN. Gastric emptying in relation to drug absorption. Am J Dig Dis 1963;8:885–894.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar