Lithium poisoning: the value of early digestive tract decontamination

References

• Shorter E. The history of lithium therapy. Bipolar Disord 2009;11:4–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger A, Sauder P, Kopferschmitt J, Tritsch L, Flesch F. When should dialysis be performed in lithium poisoning? A kinetic study in 14 cases of lithium poisoning. Clin Toxicol 1993;31:429–447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adityanjee, Munshi KR, Thampy A. The syndrome of irreversible lithium-effectuated neurotoxicity. Clin Neuropharmacol 2005;28:38–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmer RT, Sands JM. Lithium intoxication. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:666–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedberg RC, Spyker DA, Herold DA. Massive overdose with sustained-release lithium carbonate preparations: pharmacokinetic model based on two case studies. Clin Chem 1991;37:1205–1209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favin FD, Klein-Schwartz W, Oderda GM, Rose SR. In vitro study of lithium carbonate adsorption by activated charcoal. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1988;26:443–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linakis JG, Lacouture PG, Eisenberg MS, Maher TJ, Lewander WJ, Driscoll JL, Woolf AD. Administration of activated charcoal or sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) as gastric decontamination for lithium intoxication: an animal model. Pharmacol Toxicol 1989;65:387–389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghannoum M, Lavergne V, Seng Yue C, Ayoub P. Successful treatment of lithium toxicity with sodium polystyrene sulfonate: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Toxicol 2010;48:34–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharman EJ. Methods used to decrease lithium absorption or enhance elimination. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997;35:601–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SW, Ling LJ, Halstenson CE. Whole-bowel irrigation as a treatment for acute lithium overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1991;20:536–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, European Association of Poison Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper: Whole bowel irrigation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004;42:843–854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harry P, Gamelin L. Nouveautés en épuration des toxiques. In: Société de Réanimation en Langue Française eds. Actualités en réanimation et urgences 2002. Paris: Elsevier Editions scientifiques et médicales; 2002:40–49
   Google Scholar
• Persson HE, Sjoberg GK, Haines JA, Pronczuk de Garbino J. Poisoning severity score. grading of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998;36:205–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greller HA. Lithium. In: Flomenbaum NE, Golfranck LR, Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Nelson LS, eds. Goldfranck's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006:1052–1061
   Google Scholar
• Achong MR, Fernandez PG, McLeod PJ. Fatal self-poisoning with lithium carbonate. Can Med Assoc J 1975;112:868–870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus S. Lithium. Clin Toxicol Rev 1980;2:1–2
   Google Scholar
• Dupuis RE, Cooper AA, Rosamond LJ, Campbell-Bright S. Multiple delayed peak lithium concentrations following acute intoxication with an extended-release product. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:356–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger A, Sauder PH, Gayol S, Kopferschmitt J. Intoxication par le lithium. In: Baud F. ed. Reanimation des intoxications aigües. Paris: Masson; 1995:235–243
   Google Scholar
• Megarbane B, Donetti L, Blanc T, Cheron G, Jacobs F, Groupe d'experts de la SRLF. Intoxications graves par médicaments et substances illicites en réanimation. Reanimation 2006;15:332–342
   Google Scholar
• Sporer KA. Whole bowel irrigation in the management of ingested poisoning. West J Med 1993;159:601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Haro L, Roelandt J, Pommier P, Prost N, Arditti J, Hayek-Lanthois M, Valli M. Circonstances d'intoxication par sels de lithium: expérience du centre antipoison de Marseille sur 10 ans. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2003;22:514–519
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welch DW, Driscol JL, Lewander WJ, et al. In vitro lithium binding with sodium polystyrene sulfonate. Vet Hum Toxicol, 1987;29:472
   Google Scholar
• Gehrke J, Gehrke C. In vitro binding of Li + ion using a clinical cation exchange resin. Ann Emerg Med 1986;15:651
   Google Scholar
• Watling SM, Gehrke JC, Gehrke CW, Zumwalt R, Pribble J. In vitro binding of lithium using the cation exchange resin sodium polystyrene sulfonate. Am J Emerg Med 1995;13:294–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linakis JG, Hull KM, Lee CM, Maher TJ, Lewander WJ, Lacouture PG. Effect of delayed treatment with sodium polystyrene sulfonate on serum lithium concentrations in mice. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2:681–685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linakis JG, Savitt DL, Wu TY, Lockhart GR, Lacouture PG. Use of sodium polystyrene sulfonate for reduction of plasma lithium concentrations after chronic lithium dosing in mice. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998;36:309–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linakis JG, Hull KM, Lacouture PG, Lockart GR, Lewander WJ, Maher TJ. Enhancement of lithium elimination by multiple-dose sodium polystyrene sulfonate. Acad Emerg Med 1997;4:175–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaszewski C, Musso C, Pearson JR, Kulig K, Marx JA. Lithium absorption prevented by sodium polystyrene sulfonate in volunteers. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:1308–1311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanger DR, Tierney MG, Dickinson G. Effect of sodium polystyrene sulfonate on lithium bioavailability. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:1312–1315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehrke JC, Watling SM, Gehrke CW, Zumwalt R. In vivo binding of lithium using the cation exchange resin sodium polystyrene sulfonate. Am J Emerg Med 1996;14:37–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberge RJ, Martin TG, Schneider SM. Use of sodium polystyrene sulfonate in a lithium overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1911–1915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar