Evaluation of plasma, erythrocytes, and brochoalveolar lavage fluid antioxidant defense system in sulfur mustard-injured patients

References

• Rice P. Sulphur mustard. Medicine 2007; 35:578–579.
   Google Scholar
• Balali-Mood M, Hefazi M. Comparison of early and late toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 99:273–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merat S, Perez JP, Ruttimann M, Acute poisoning by chemical warfare agent: sulfur mustard. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2003; 22:85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kehe K, Thiermann H, Balszuweit F, Eyer F, Steinritz D, Zilker T. Acute effects of sulfur mustard injury—Munich experiences. Toxicology 2009; 263:3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowell M, Kehe K, Balszuweit F, The chronic effects of sulfur mustard exposure. Toxicology 2009; 263:9–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Harandi AA. Long term consequences from exposure to sulfur mustard: a review. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:451–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Mokhtari M, Mir Mohammad M, Aslani J. Bronchiolitis obliterans following exposure to sulfur mustard: chest high resolution computed tomography. Eur J Radiol 2004; 52:164–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Akhlaghpoor S, Mohmmad MM, Aslani J. Tracheobronchial stenosis following sulfur mustard inhalation. Inhal Toxicol 2004; 16:845–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Fathi H, Mir Mohmmad M, Aslani J. Long term respiratory disorders of claimers with subclinical exposure to chemical warfare agents. Inhal Toxicol 2004; 16:491–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khateri S, Ghanei M, Keshavarz S, Soroush M, Haines D. Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34,000 Iranian with wartime exposure to mustard agent. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45:1136–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bast A, Haenen GR, Doelman CJ. Oxidants and antioxidants: state of the art. Am J Med 1991; 91:2S–13S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mates JM, Perez-Gomez C, Decastro IN. Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin Biochem 1999; 32:595–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCord JM. Human disease, free radicals, and the oxidant antioxidant balance. Clin Biochem 1993; 26:351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases. J Biol Chem 1984; 249:7130–7139.
   Google Scholar
• Dworski R. Oxidant stress in asthma. Thorax 2000; 55(Suppl 2): S51–S53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNee W. Pulmonary and systemic oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005; 2:50–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzy A, Comhair A, Erzurum SC. Antioxidant responses to oxidant-mediated lung diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L246–L255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossman BT, Churg A. Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of asbestosis and silicosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1666–1680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffner JE, Repine JE. Pulmonary strategies of antioxidant defense. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:531–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen YM, Marsh JP, Absher MP, Hemenway D, Vacek PM, Leslie KO, Borm PJ, Mossman BT. Expression of antioxidant enzymes in rat lungs after inhalation of asbestos or silica. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:10625–10630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comhair SA, Bhathena PR, Dweik RA, Kavuru M, Erzurum SC. Rapid loss of superoxide dismutase activity during antigen-induced asthmatic response. Lancet 2000; 355:624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khateri S, Ghanei M, Soroush MR, Haines D. Effects of mustard gas exposure in pediatric patients: long-term health status of mustard-exposed children, 14 years after chemical bombardment of sardasht. J Burns Surg Wound Care 2003; 2:11–14.
   Google Scholar
• Emad M. The diversity of the effects of sulfur mustard gas inhalation on respiratory system 10 years after a single exposed: analysis of 197 cases. American college of chest physicians. Chest 1997; 112:734–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoletti F, Mocali A. Determination of superoxide dismutase activity by purely chemical system based on NAD(P)H oxidation. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186:209–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen G, Dembiec D, Marcus J. Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts. Anal Biochem 1970; 34:30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 1967; 70:158–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlberg I, Mannervik B. Glutathione reductase. Methods Enzymol 1985; 113:484–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habig WH, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases (rat and human). Methods Enzymol 1981; 77:218–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tietz F. Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amount of total and oxidized glutathione: applications to mammalian blood and other tissues. Anal Biochem 1969; 27:502–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagl K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979; 95:351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72:248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kampen EJ, Zljlstra WG. Determination of hemoglobin and its derivatives. Adv Clin Chem 1965; 8:141–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohanka M, Stetina R. Shift of oxidants and antioxidants levels in rats as a reaction to exposure to sulfur mustard. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:643–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paromov V, Suntres Z, Smith M, Stone WL. Sulfur mustard toxicity following dermal exposure: role of oxidative stress, and antioxidant therapy. J Burns Wounds 2007; 7:e7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koleckar V, Brojerova E, Opletal L, Jun D, Kuca K. Antioxidants, free radicals, mechanism of action and application in the therapy of the sulfur mustard caused injury. Ceska Slov Farm 2007; 56:73–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rushmore TH, Morton MR, Pickett CB. The antioxidant responsive element. Activation by oxidative stress and identification of the DNA consensus sequence required for functional activity. J Biol Chem 1991; 226:11632–11659.
   Google Scholar
• Meister A, Anderson ME. Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem 1983; 52:711–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray R, Legere RH, Majerus BJ, Petrali JP. Sulfur mustard–induced increase in intracellular free calcium level and arachidonic acid release from cell membrane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 131:44–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross CL, Giles KC, Smith WJ. L-oxothiazolidine 4-carboxylate pretreatment of isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes reduces sulfur mustard cytotoxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 1997; 13:167–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner P, Cohen G. Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) as a marker of oxidative injury to brain mitochondria. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 679:363–369.
   Google Scholar
• Steinritz D, Emmler J, Hintz M, Apoptosis in sulfur mustard treated A549 cell cultures. Life Sci 2007; 80:2199–2201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan RK, Pleva CM, Hamllton TA, Anderson DR, Petrali JP. Sulfur mustard-induced apoptosis in hairless guinea pig skin. Toxicol Pathol 2003; 31:185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun J, Wang YX, Sun MJ. Apoptosis and necrosis induced by sulfur mustard in HeLa cells. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1999; 20:445–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins KB, Lodhi IJ, Hurley LL, Hinshaw DB. N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. J Appl Toxicol 2000; 20S:125–128.
   Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Shohrati M, Jafari M, Ghaderi S, Alaeddini F, Aslani J. N‐acetylcysteine improves the clinical conditions of mustard gas-exposed patients with normal pulmonary function test. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:428–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Januszewski AS, Alderson NL, Jenkins AJ, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Chemical modification of proteins during peroxidation of phospholipids. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1440–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafari M. Dose- and time-dependent effects of sulfur mustard on antioxidant system in liver and brain of rat. Toxicology 2000; 231:30–39.
   Google Scholar
• Vijayaraghavan R, Kulkarni A, Pant SC, Differential toxicity of sulfur mustard administered through percutaneous, subcutaneous, and oral routes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 202:180–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oda Y, Kai H, Takahama K, Miyata T. Changes in lipid peroxides content and antioxidant enzyme activities on airway surface in SO2-induced bronchitic rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 1990; 110:612–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurata M, Suzuki M, Agar NS. Antioxidant systems and erythrocyte life-span in mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol 1993; 106B:477–487.
   Google Scholar
• Naghii MR. Sulfur mustard intoxication, oxidative stress, and antioxidants. Mil Med 2002; 167:573–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantin AM, North SL, Hubbard RC, Crystal RG. Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63:152–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comhair SAA, Erzuruma SC. Antioxidant responses to oxidant-mediated lung diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L246–L255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shohrati M, Ghanei M, Shamspour N, Glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in late pulmonary complications of sulfur mustard intoxication. Lung 2009; 0341-2040:1432–1750.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman I. Regulation of glutathione in inflammation and chronic lung diseases. Mutat Res 2005; 579:58–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emad A, Rezaian GR. Immunoglobulins and cellular constituents of the BAL fluid of patients with sulfur mustard gas-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 1999; 115:1346–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gompertz S, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Relationship between airway inflammation and the frequency of exacerbations in patients with smoking related COPD. Thorax 2001; 56:36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassatella MA. The production of cytokines by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Immunol Today 1995; 16:21–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liles WC, Klebanoff SJ. Regulation of apoptosis in neutrophils-Fas track to death? J Immunol 1995; 155:3289–3291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazanfari T, Sharifnia Z, Yaraee R, Serum soluble Fas ligand and nitric oxide in long-term pulmonary complications induced by sulfur mustard: Sardasht-Iran cohort study. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:1489–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata S, Golstein P. The Fas death factor. Science 1995; 267:1449–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge SJ, Hodge GL, Reynolds PN, Scicchitano R, Holmes M. Increased production of TGF-beta and apoptosis of T lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood in COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:492–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad E-C, Ewan S. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and obliterative bronchiolitis following pulmonary transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18:828–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghanouri R, Ghanei M, Aslani J, Keivani-Amine H, Rastegar F, Karkhane A. Fibrogenic cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage aspirates 15 years after exposure to sulfur mustard. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L1160–L1164.
   Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Panahi Y, Mojtahedzadeh M, Hosseini Khalili A, Aslani J. Effect of gamma interferon on lung function of mustard gas exposed patients, after 15 years. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 19:148–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar