41
Views
54
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Phthalate Esters: The Question of Safety

Pages 89-139 | Published online: 25 Sep 2008

References

  • Albro P. W., Thomas R. O. Enzymatic hydrolysis of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate by lipases. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1973; 306(L23)380
  • Albro P. W., Thomas R., Fishbein L. Metabolism of Diethylhexyl phthalate by rats: Isolation and characterization of the urinary metabolites. J. Chromatogr. 1973; 76: 321
  • Anonymous. GM bars dioctyl phthalate. Chem. Eng. News March 27, 1972; 7
  • Anonymous. Plasticizers fog windows. Chem. Eng. News December 13, 1971; 17
  • Anonymous. Plasticizers: Getting into blood. Toxicity and health threats of phthalate esters: Review of the literature. Chem. Eng. News Feb. 15, 1971; 12–13
  • Autian J. Environ. Health Persp. June, 1973; 3–26
  • Bower R. K., Haberman S., Minton P. D. Teratogenic effects in the chick embryo caused by esters of phthalic acid. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 1970; 171: 314
  • Boyd E. M. 100‐day index of chronic toxicity. Clin. Toxicol. 1971; 4: 205
  • Brown V. K. H., Muir C. M. C., Thorpe E. A contribution to the toxicology of some alcohol mixtures containing 7 to 9 and 9 to 11 carbon atoms and the corresponding phthalate esters. Arch. Toxikol. 1970; 26: 84
  • Calley D., Autian J., Guess W. L. Toxicology of a series of phthalate esters. J. Pharm. Sci. 1966; 55: 158
  • Carpenter C. P., Weil C. S., Smyth H. F., Jr. Chronic oral toxicity of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate for rats, guinea pigs, and dogs. A.M.A. Arch. Indust. Hyg. 1953; 8: 219
  • Carter J. E., Roll D. B., Petersen R. V. The in vitro hydrolysis of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate by rat tissue. Drug Metabol. Disposition 1974; 2: 341
  • Chiou W. L., Moorhatch P. Leaching of chemicals from plastic intravenous fluid bags. JAMA 1973; 224: 1298
  • Daniel J. W., Bratt H. The absorption, metabolism and tissue distribution of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate in rats. Toxicology 1974; 2: 51
  • Dillingham E. O., Autian J. Teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and cellular toxicity of phthalate esters. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 81–89
  • Dillingham E. O., Mast R. W., Bass G. E., Autian J. Toxi‐city of methyl‐ and halogen‐substituted alcohols in tissue culture relative to structure‐activity models and acute toxicity in mice. Esters. J. Pharm. Sci. 1973; 62: 22
  • Fassett D. W. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology2nd. rev. ed., F. A. Patty. Interscience, New York 1963; Vol. II: 1904–1907, data cited in Chap. XLI
  • Gaunt I. F., Colley J., Grasso P., Lansdown A. B. G., Gangolli S. D. Acute (rat and mouse) and short‐term (rat) toxicity studies on dialkyl 79 phthalate. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1968; 6: 609
  • Gonzalez R., Arreola R., Ball I. Inhalation Studies with DEHP in the Rat. Minority Biomedical Support Symposium, New Orleans, La., April, 7–81976, presented at
  • Graham P. R. Phthalate ester plasticisers–why and how they are used. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 3–12
  • Gross F. C., Colony J. A. The ubiquitous nature and objectionable characteristics of phthalate esters in aerospace technology. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 37–48
  • Guess W. L., Haberman S., Rowan D. F., Bower R. K., Autian J. Characterization of subtle toxicity of certain plastic components used in manufacture of the polyvinyls. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 1967; 24: 494
  • Guess W. L., Jacob J., Autian J. A study of polyvinyl chloride blood bag assemblies, I. Alteration or contamination of ACD solutions. Drug Intelligence 1967; 1: 120
  • Gutierrez Y., Barrera E., Weniger D. Effects of Dimethyl Phthalate and Di‐2‐ethylhexyl Phthalate on the Growth Rate of the Protozoan, Tetrahymena Pyriformis. the Minority Biomedical Support Symposium, New Orleans, La., April, 7–81976, presented at
  • Haberman S., Guess W. L., Rowan D. F., Bower R. K. Effects of plastics and their additives on human serum proteins, antibodies and developing chick embryos. Soc. Plastics Eng. 1968; 24: 62
  • Harris R. S., Hodge H. C., Maynard E. A., Blanchet H. J., Jr. Chronic oral toxicity of 2‐ethylhexyl phthalate in rats and dogs. A.M.A. Arch. Indust. Health 1956; 13: 259
  • Hites R. A. Phthalates in the Charles and the Merrimack rivers. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 17–21
  • Hodge H. C. Acute toxicity for rats and mice of 2‐ethyl hexanol and 2‐ethyl hexyl phthalates. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 1943; 53: 20
  • Jaeger R. J., Rubin R. J. Contamination of blood stored in plastic packs. Lancet 1970; 2: 151
  • Jaeger R. J., Rubin R. J. Di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate, a plasticizer contaminant of platelet concentrates. Transfusion 1973; 13: 107
  • Jaeger R. J., Rubin R. J. Migration of a phthalate ester plasticizer from polyvinyl chloride blood bags into stored human blood and its localization in human tissues. New Engl. J. Med. 1972; 287: 1114
  • Jaeger R. J., Rubin R. J. Plasticizers from plastic devices: Extraction, metabolism, and accumulation by biological systems. Science 1970; 170: 460
  • Jones A. E., Kahn R. H., Groves J. T., Napier E. A., Jr. Phthalate ester toxicity in human cell cultures. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1975; 31: 283
  • Kevy S. V., Button L. N., Jacobson M. S., Toxicology of Plastic Devices Having Contact with Blood: Comprehensive Three Year Report, 1972–1975, RFP‐NHLI‐72–6
  • Kim S. W., Petersen R. V., Lee E. S. Effect of phthalate plasticizer on blood compatability of polyvinyl chloride. J. Pharm. Sci. 1976; 65: 670
  • Lake B. G., Gangolli S. D., Grasso P., Lloys A. G. Studies on the hepatic effects of orally administered di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1975; 32: 355
  • Lawrence W. H., Bigelow C. L., Beyer S. A., Raje R. R., Autian J. Materials Science Toxicology Laboratories, University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, Memphis, Tennessee, unpublished data from
  • Lawrence W. H., Malik M., Turner J. E., Singh A. R., Autian J. A toxicological investigation of some acute short‐term, and chronic effects of administering di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalate esters. Environ. Res. 1975; 9: 1
  • Lopez J. D., Ball I. The Effect of Di‐2‐ethylhexyl Phthalate on Mouse Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase Isozymes. the Southwestern and Southeastern Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Memphis, Tennessee, Oct., 9–101975, presented at
  • Marcel Y. L., Noel S. P. Contamination of blood stored in plastic packs. Lancet 1970; 1: 35
  • Mayer F. L., Jr., Sanders H. O. Toxicology of phthalic acid esters in aquatic organisms. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 153–157
  • Meyler F. L., Willebrands A. F., Durrer D. The influence of polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C.) tubing on the isolated perfused rat's heart. Circul. Res. 1960; 8: 44
  • Milkov L. E., Aldyreva M. V., Popova T. B., Lopukhova K. A., Makerenko Yu. L., Malyar L. M., Shakhova T. K. Health status of workers exposed to phthalate plasticizers in the manufacture of artificial leather and films based on PVC resins. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 175–178
  • Mitoma C. Absorption and distribution of a plasticizer, di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from “Toxicology of Components of Plastics Having Contact with Blood”. May, 1973, Annual Technical Progress Report, NIH‐NHLI‐72–2290‐B
  • Morris R. J. Phthalic acid in the deep sea jellyfish Atolla. Nature 1970; 227: 1264
  • Needham T. E., Jr., Luzzi L. A. Particulate matter in polyvinyl chloride intravenous bags. New Engl. J. Med. 1973; 289: 1256
  • Neergaard J., Nielsen B., Faurby V., Christensen D. H., Nielsen O. F. Plasticizers in P.V.C. and the occurrence of hepatitis in a hemodialysis unit. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 1971; 5: 141
  • Nematollahi J., Guess W. L., Autian J. Plasticizers in medical application, I. Analysis and toxicity evaluation of dialkyl benzenedicarboxylates. J. Pharm. Sci. 1967; 56: 1446
  • Nikonorow M., Mazur H., Piekacz H. Effect of orally administered plasticizers and polyvinyl chloride stabilizers in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1973; 26: 253
  • Ogner G., Schnitzer M. Humic substances: Fulvic acid—dialkyl phthalate complexes and their role in pollution. Science 1970; 170: 217
  • Oishi S., Hirago K. Toxicological and endocrinological investigation of the short‐term effects of administering bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate. I. Effects of daily intraperitoneal doses of bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate on the gonadal function of male rats. Tokyo Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Nempo 1975; 26: 127
  • Ono K., Tatsukawa R., Wakimoto T. Migration of plasticizer from hemodialysis blood tubing. JAMA 1975; 234: 948
  • Perez J. A., Ball I. The effect of dimethyl phthalate on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa accepted for publication by Bull. Environ. Contamination Toxicol.
  • Peters J. W., Cook R. M. Effect of phthalate esters on re‐production in rats. Environ. Health Persp. Jan., 1973; 91–94
  • Petersen R. V., Lyman D. J., Roll D. B., Swinyard E. A. Toxicology of Plastic Devices Having Contact with Blood, Final Report, 1972–1975, NIH‐NHLI‐73–2908‐B
  • Reddy B. G., Lawrence W. H., Autian J. Materials Science Toxicology Laboratories, University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, Memphis, Tenn., unpublished data
  • Rowland I. R. Metabolism of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate by the contents of the alimentary tract of the rat. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1974; 12: 293
  • Rubin R. J. Storage of aqueous solutions for parenteral infusion. Lancet 1972; 1: 965
  • Rubin R. J., Jaeger R. J. Some pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and other plasticizers. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 53–59
  • Rubin R. J., Nair P. P. Plasticizers in human tissues. New Engl. J. Med. 1973; 288: 915
  • Ruiz R. G., Brown P. J. The Effects of Dimethyl Phthalate on the Yields of Microcystis aeruginosa. the Minority Biomedical Support Symposium, New Orleans, La., Apri9l, 7–81976, presented at
  • Sanders H. O., Mayer F. L., Jr., Walsh D. F. Toxicity, residue dynamics, and reproductive effects of phthalate esters in aquatic invertebrates. Environ. Res. 1973; 6: 84
  • Schulz C. O., Rubin R. J. Distribution, metabolism, and excretion of di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate in the rat. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 123–129
  • Schulz C. O., Rubin R. J., Hutchins G. M. Acute lung toxicity and sudden death in rats following the intravenous administration of the plasticizer, di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, solubilized with Tween surfactants. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1975; 33: 514
  • Shaffer C. B., Carpenter C. P., Smyth H. F., Jr. Acute and subacute toxicity of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate with note upon its metabolism. J. Indust. Hyg. Toxicol. 1945; 27: 130
  • Shea K. P. The new‐car smell. Environment 1971; 13(8)2
  • Seth P. K. (1976) Some biochemical and pharmacologic effects of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate. Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Pharmacology, Vol. 6. 1975. Pergamon, New York, 237–245
  • Singh A. R., Lawrence W. H., Autian J. Maternal‐fetal transfer of 14C‐di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate and 14C‐diethyl phthalate in rats. J. Pharm. Sci. 1975; 64: 1347
  • Singh A. R., Lawrence W. H., Autian J. Mutagenic and anti‐fertility sensitivities of mice to di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and dimethoxyethyl phthalate (DMEP). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1974; 29: 35
  • Singh A. R., Lawrence W. H., Autian J. Teratogenicity of phthalate esters in rats. J. Pharm. Sci. 1972; 61: 51
  • Smith C. C. Toxicity of butyl stearate, dibutyl sebacate, dibutyl phthalate, and methoxyethyl oleate. Arch. Indust. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1953; 7: 310
  • Stalling D. L., Hogan J. W., Johnson J. L. Phthalate ester residues–their metabolism and analysis in fish. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 159–173
  • Stein M. S., Cassi P. I., Nair P. P. Some aspects of DEHP and its action on lipid metabolism. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 149–152
  • Swinyard E. A., Woodhead J. H., Petersen R. V. Nonspecific effect of bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate on hexobarbital sleep time. J. Pharm. Sci. 1976; 65: 733
  • Thomas G. H. Quantitative determination and confirmation of identity of trace amounts of dialkyl phthalates in environmental samples. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 23–25
  • Wallin R. F., Klamer B., Nocora R. W., Thompson C. R. Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolism in animals and post‐transfusion tissue levels in man. Bull. Parenteral Drug Assoc. 1974; 28: 278
  • Wildbrett G. Diffusion of phthalic acid esters from PVC milk tubing. Environ. Health Persp. January, 1973; 29–35

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.