Plasma Free Cyanide and Blood Total Cyanide: A Rapid Completely Automated Microdistillation Assay

References

• Ballantyne B. The forensic diagnosis of acute cyanide poisoning. Forensic Toxicology, B. Ballantyne. Wright, Bristol 1974; 99–113
   Google Scholar
• Egekeze J. O., Oehme P. W. Blood and liver cyanide concentrations in rats poisoned with oral doses of potassium cyanide. Toxicol. Ltr 1979; 3: 243–217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodkey F. L., Colllson H. A. Determination of cyanide and nitroprusside in blood and plasma. Clin. Chem. 1977; 23: 1969–1975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham D. L., Laman D., Theodore J., Robin E. D. Acute cyanide poisoning complicated by lactic acidosis and pulmonary edema. Arch. Intern. Med. 1977; 137: 1051–1055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egekeze J. O., Oehme F. W. Cyanides and their toxicity: a literature review. The Vet. Quarterly 1980; 2: 104–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne B. In vitro production of cyanide In normal human blood and the influence of thiocyanate and storage temperature. Clin. Tox. 1977; 11: 173–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra H., Guypta B. N., Bhargava S. K., Clerk S. H., Mahendra P. N. Chronic cyanide exposure - a biochemical and industrial hygiene study. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1980; 4: 161–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies D. W., Kadar D., Steward D. J., Munro I. R. A sudden death associated with the use of sodium nitroprusside for induction of hypotension during anaesthesia. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1975; 22: 547–552
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuzel I., Limjuco R., Kahn D. Sodium nitroprusside in hypertensive emergencies. Curr. Ther. Res. 1975; 17: 95–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner M. A., Rodman G. H., Klick J. M., Tobey R. E. Cyanide production during nitroprusside therapy in an oliguric patient. Anaesth. and Analg. 1977; 56: 729–731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogusz M., Moroz J., Karski J., Gierz J., Rigieli A., Witkowska R., Golabek A. Blood cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations after administration of sodium nitroprusside as hypotensive agent in neurosurgery. Clin. Chem. 1979; 25: 60–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perschau R. A., Modell J. H., Bright R. W., Shirley P. D. Suspected sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication. Anesth. and Analg. 1977; 56: 533–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Dell C. W., Jr., Davis G. B., Johnson A. D., Safdi M. A., Brant-Zawadski M., Bookstein J. J. Sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of ergotism. Radiology 1977; 124: 73–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michenfelder J. D. Cyanide release from sodium nitroprusside in the dog. Anesthesiology 1977; 46: 196–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasch E. E., Shawa R. E. Multiple cases of cyanide poisoning by apricot kernels in children from Gaza. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 5–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadoff L., Puchs K., Hollander J. Rapid death associated with Laetrile ingestion. J.A.M.A. 1978; 239: 1532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt E. S., Newton G. W., Sanders S. M., Lewis J. P., Conn E. E. Laetrile toxicity studies in dogs. J.A.M.A. 1978; 239: 943–947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morikawa T. Evolution of hydrogen cyanide during combustion and pyrolysis. J. Combustion. Toxicol. 1978; 5: 315–330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symington I. S., Anderson R. A., Oliver J. S., Thomson I., Harland W. A., Kerr J. W. Cyanide exposure in fires. The Lancet 1978; 2: 91–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldstein M., Klendshoj N. C. The determination of cyanide in biological fluids by microdiffusion analysis. J. Lab & Clin. Med. 1954; 44: 166–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew A. R., Fell G. S. Microdiffusion method for estimation of cyanide in whole blood and its application to the study of conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate. Clin. Chem. 1973; 19: 466–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baar S. The micro determination of cyanide: Its application to the analysis of whole blood. Analyst. 1966; 91: 268–272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganjeloo A., Isom G. E., Morgan R. L., Way J. L. Fluorometric determination of cyanide in biological fluids with p-benzoquinone. Tox. & Appl. Pharm. 1980; 55: 103–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel S. N., Sultan T. R. Cyanide poisoning. Clin. Tox. 1981; 18: 367–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunshine I., Finkie B. The necessity for tissue studies in fatal cyanide poisoning. Int. Arch. Gewerbepath. Gewerbehyg. 1964; 20: 558–561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballantyne B., Bright J. E., Williams P. The post-mortem rate of transformation of cyanide. Forensic Sci. 1974; 3: 71–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansell M., Lewis F. A.S. A review of cyanide concentrations found in human organs. J. Forensic Med. 1970; 17: 148–155
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Egekeze J. O., Oehme F. W. Direct potentiometric method for the determination of cyanide in biological materials. J. Anal. Tox. 1979; 3: 119–124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry A. S., Price D. E., Rutter E. R. The production of cyanide in post-mortem material. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1967; 25: 339–344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epstein J. Estimation of microquantities of cyanide. Anal. Chem. 1974; 19: 272–274
   Google Scholar
• Bark L. S., Higson H. G. Investigation of reagents for the colorimetric determination of small amounts of cyanide. Talanta. 1964; 11: 471–479
   Google Scholar
• Aldridge W. N. The estimation of microquantities of cyanide and thiocyanate. Analyst. 1945; 70: 474–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagashlma S. Spectrophotometric determination of cyanide with γ-picoline and barbituric acid. Anal. Chem. Acta. 1977; 91: 303–306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan R. L., Isom G. E., Way J. L. Resolution of thiosulfate interference in cyanide determination. Toxicol. & Appli. Pharro. 1979; 50: 323–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prant M. S., Ross J. W., Jr., Riseman J. H. Electrode indicator technique for measuring low levels of cyanide. Anal. Chan. 1972; 44: 2227–2230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kistner J. R., Longnecker D. E., Miller E. D., Jr., Lescanic A. D. Limitations of the cyanide electrode for use in plasma and whole blood. Anesthesia. & Anal. 1979; 58: 457–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAnalley B. H., Lowry W. T., Oliver R. D., Garriott J. C. Determination of of Inorganic sulfide and cyanide in blood using specific ion electrodes: Application to the Investigation of hydrogen sulfide and cyanide posioning. J. Anal. Tox. 1979; 3: 111–114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen K. K., Rose C. L., Clowes G. H.A. The modern treatment of cyanide poisoning. J. Indiana M.A. 1944; 37: 344–350
   Google Scholar
• Chen K. K. Nitrite and thiosulfate therapy in cyanide poisoning. J.A.M.A. 1952; 149: 113–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfsie J. H. Treatment of cyanide poisoning in Industry. Arch. Ind. Hyg. & Occup. Med. 1951; 4: 417–425
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanker J. S., Gelberg A., Witten B. Fluorometric and colorimetric estimation of cyanide and sulfide by demasking reactions of palladium chelates. Anal. Chem. 1958; 30: 93–95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groff W. A., Cucinell S. A., Vicario P., Kaminskis A. A completely automated fluorometric blood cyanide method: A specific assay incorporating dialysis and distillation. Clin. Tox. 1977; 11: 159–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne B. Blood, Brain and cerebrospinal fluid cyanide concentrations in experimental acute cyanide poisoning. J. Forens. Sci. Soc 1975; 15: 51–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christel D., Eyer P., Hegeman M., Kiese M., Lorcher W., Weger N. Pharmacokinetics of cyanide in poisoning of dogs and the effect of 4-dlmethylaminophenol or thiosulfate. Arch. Toxicol. 1977; 38: 177–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiese M., Weger N. Formation of ferri-hemoglobin with aminophenols In the human for the treatment of cyanide poisoning. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1969; 7: 97–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar