References
- Sakata K., Ishigaki S., Sakata M. Distribution of lidocaine and disopyramide in human blood and tissue, a case report of death caused by spinal anesthesia. Forensic Sci. Internat., in press
- Bivin W. S., Timmons E. H. Basic Biomethodology. The biology of the laboratory rabbit, S. H. Weisbroth. Academic Press, New York 1974; 82
- Yamaoka Y., Tanigawara Y., Uno T. A pharmacokinetic analysis program [MULTI] for microcomputer. J. Pharmacobio-Dyn. 1981; 4: 879–885
- Grimes D. A., Cates W., Jr. Deaths from paracervical anesthesia used for first-trimester abortion, 1972–1975. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 295: 1397–1399
- Amitai Y., Whitesell L., Lovejoy F. H., Jr. Death following accidental lidocaine overdose in a child. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 314: 182–183
- Liu Y., Griesemer E. C., Budd R. D., Noguchi T. T. Determination of lidocaine in postmortem fluids and tissues. J. Chromatogr. 1983; 268: 329–335
- Peat M. A., Deyman M. E., Crouch D. J., Finkle B. S. Lidocaine concentrations in lidocaine-associated deaths. Proceedings of the 21st International Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Toxicologists. 1984, 29–36
- Fukui M. Medicolegal study of spinal anesthesia. Jap. J. legal Med. 1970; 24: 136–158
- Wise R. P. Spinal and Epidural Block. A practice of anaesthesia, H. C. Churchill-Davidson. Lloyd-luke Ltd., London 1978; 1137
- Ritchie J. M., Greene N. M. Local Anesthetics. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, L. S. Goodman, A. Gilman. MacMillan Pub. Co., Inc., New York 1985; 315–318
- Denson D. D., Bridenbaugh P. O., Turner P. A., Phero J. C., Raj P. P. Neural blockade and pharmacokinetics following subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey I. Effects of epinephrine. Anesth. Analg. 1982; 61: 746–750
- Greene N. M. Uptake and elimination of local anesthetics during spinal anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. 1983; 62: 1013–1024
- Cohen E. N. Distribution of local anesthetic agents in the neuraxis of the dog. Anesthesiology 1968; 29: 1002–1005
- Giasi R. M., D'Agostino E., Covino B. G. Absorption of lidocaine following subarachnoid and epidural administration. Anesth. Analg. 1979; 58: 360–363
- Axelsson K., Widman B. Blood concentration of lidocaine after spinal anaesthesia using lidocaine and lidocaine with adrenaline. Acta Anaesth. Scand. 1981; 25: 240–245
- Burm A. G., Van Kleef J. W., Gladines M. P., Spierdijk J., Breimer D. D. Plasma concentrations of lidocaine and bupivacaine after subarachnoid administration. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: 191–195
- Mayumi T., Dohi S., Takahashi T. Plasma concentrations of lidocaine associated with cervical, thoracic, and lumbar epidural anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. 1983; 62: 578–580
- Keenaghan J. B., Boyes R. N. The tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of lidocaine in rats, guinea pigs, dogs and man. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1972; 180: 454–463
- Benowitz N., Forsyth R. P., Melmon K. L., Rowland M. Lidocaine disposition kinetics in monkey and man I. Prediction by a perfusion model. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1974; 16: 87–98
- Benowitz N., Forsyth R. P., Melmon K. L., Rowland M. Lidocaine disposition kinetics in monkey and man II. Effects of hemorrhage and sympathomimetic drug administration. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1974; 16: 99–109
- Benowitz N. L., Meister W. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Lidocaine. Clin. Pharmacok. 1978; 3: 177–201
- Boyes R. N., Scott D. B., Jebson P. J., Godman M. J., Julian D. G. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1970; 12: 105–116
- Tucker G. T., Mather L. E. Pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetic agents. Br. J. Anaesth. 1975; 47: 213–224
- Finholt D. A., Stirt J. A., DiFazio C. A., Moscicki J. C. Lidocaine pharmacokinetics in children during general anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. 1986; 65: 279–282
- Kuhnert B. R., Philipson E. H., Pimental R., Kuhnert P. M., Zuspan K. J., Syracuse C. D. Lidocaine disposition in mother, fetus, and neonate after spinal anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. 1986; 65: 139–144
- Denson D. D., Bridenbaugh P. O., Turner P. A., Phero J. C. Comparison of neural blockade and pharmacokinetics following subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey II. Effects of volume, osmolality and baricity. Anesth. Analg. 1983; 62: 995–1001
- Denson D. D., Turner P. A., Bridenbaugh P. O., Thompson G. A. Pharmacokinetics and neural blockade after subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey III. Effects of phenylephrine. Anesth. Analg. 1984; 63: 129–133
- Rowland M. Drug administration and regimens. Clinical pharmacology: Basic principles in therapeutics, K. L. Melmon, H. F. Morrelli. MacMillan Co., New York 1972; 45