References
- Cooney D O. Activated Charcoal in Medicinal Applications. Marcel Dekker, New York 1995
- Merigian K S, Woodward M, Hedges J R, et al. Prospective evaluation of gastric emptying in the self-poisoned patient. Am J Emerg Med 1990; 8: 479–483
- Litovitz T L, Smilkstein M, Felberg L, et al. 1996 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 447–500
- Burke G M, Wurster D E, Berg M J, Veng-Pedersen P, Schottelius D D. Surface characterization of activated charcoal by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): correlation with phenobarbital adsorption data. Pharm Res 1992; 9: 126–130
- Otto U, Stenberg B. Drug adsorption properties of different activated charcoal dosage forms in vitro and in man. Svensk Farm Tids 1973; 77: 613–615
- Cooney D O, Kane R P. “Superactive” charcoal adsorbs drugs as fast as standard antidotal charcoal. Clin Toxicol 1980; 16: 123–125
- Menzies D G, Busuttil A, Prescott L F. Fatal pulmonary aspiration of oral activated charcoal. BMJ 1988; 297: 459–460
- McFarland A K, Chyka P A. Selection of activated charcoal products for the treatment of poisonings. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27: 358–361
- Cooney D O. Evaluation of the US pharmacopeia adsorption tests for activated charcoals and proposals for changes. Vet Hum Toxicol 1995; 37: 371–377
- Neuvonen P J, Olkkola K T. Oral activated charcoal in the treatment of intoxication. Role of single and repeated doses. Med Toxicol 1988; 3: 33–58
- Muller N F, Dessing R P. European Drug Index. 4th ed. Amsterdam Medical Press, Alkmaar 1997
- Tsuchiya T, Levy G. Drug adsorption efficacy of commercial activated charcoal tablets in vitro and in man. J Pharm Sci 1972; 61: 624–625
- Remmert H P, Oiling M, Slob W, et al. Comparative antidotal efficacy of activated charcoal tablets, capsules, and suspension in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 39: 501–505
- Decker W J, Corby D G. Activated charcoal adsorbs aflatoxin B1. Vet Hum Toxicol 1980; 22: 388–389
- Andersen A H. Experimental studies on the pharmacology of activated charcoal. II. The effect of pH on the adsorption by charcoal from aqueous solutions. Acta Pharmacol 1947; 3: 199–218
- Watson W A. Factors influencing the clinical efficacy of activated charcoal. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1987; 21: 160–166
- Al-Shareef A H, Buss D C, Routledge P A. Drug absorption to charcoals and anionic binding resins. Hum Exp Toxicol 1990; 9: 95–97
- Olkkola K T. Effect of charcoal-drug ratio on antidotal efficacy of oral activated charcoal in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 19: 767–773
- Tsuchiya T, Levy G. Relationship between effect of activated charcoal on drug absorption in man and its drug adsorption characteristics in vitro. J Pharm Sci 1972; 61: 586–589
- Guay D RP, Meatherall R C, Macaulay P A, Yeung C. Activated charcoal adsorption of diphenhydramine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1984; 22: 395–400
- Neuvonen P J, Kannisto H, Lankinen S. Capacity of two forms of activated charcoal to adsorb nefopam in vitro and to reduce its toxicity in vivo. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1984; 21: 333–342
- Rosenberg J, Benowitz N L, Pond S. Pharmacokinetics of drug overdose. Clin Pharmacokinet 1981; 6: 161–192
- Kulig K, Bar-Or D, Cantrill S V, et al. Management of acutely poisoned patients without gastric emptying. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 562–567
- Albertson T E, Derlet R W, Foulke G E, Minguillon M C, Tharratt S R. Superiority of activated charcoal alone compared with ipecac and activated charcoal in the treatment of acute toxic ingestions. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 56–59
- Kornberg A E, Dolgin J. Pediatric ingestions: charcoal alone versus ipecac and charcoal. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 648–651
- Bosse G M, Barefoot J A, Pfeifer M P, Rodgers G C. Comparison of three methods of gut decontamination in tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 203–209
- Pond S M, Lewis-Driver D J, Williams G M, Green A C, Stevenson N W. Gastric emptying in acute overdose: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust 1995; 163: 345–349
- Comstock E G, Boisaubin E V, Comstock B S, Faulkner T P. Assessment of the efficacy of activated charcoal following gastric lavage in acute drug emergencies. Clin Toxicol 1982; 19: 149–165
- Crome P, Adams R, Ali C, Dallos V, Dawling S. Activated charcoal in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: pilot controlled clinical trial. Hum Toxicol 1983; 2: 205–209
- Hultén B A, Adams R, Askenasi R, et al. Activated charcoal in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Hum Toxicol 1988; 7: 307–310
- Underhill T J, Greene M K, Dove A F. A comparison of the efficacy of gastric lavage, ipecacuanha and activated charcoal in the emergency management of paracetamol overdose. Arch Emerg Med 1990; 7: 148–154
- Olson K R. Is gut emptying all washed up?. Am J Emerg Med 1990; 8: 560–561
- Whyte I M, Buckley N A. Progress in clinical toxicology: from case reports to toxicoepidemiology. Med J Aust 1995; 163: 340–341
- Chin L, Picchioni A L, Bourn W M, Laird H E. Optimal antidotal dose of activated charcoal. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1973; 26: 103–108
- Oderda G M, Klein-Schwartz W, Insley B M. In vitro study of boric acid and activated charcoal. J Toxicol Oin Toxicol 1987; 25: 13–19
- Czajka P A, Konrad J D. Saline cathartics and the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal for aspirin. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: 548–551
- Ryan C F, Spigiel R W, Zeldes G. Enhanced adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal in the presence of magnesium citrate, N.F. Clin Toxicol 1980; 17: 457–461
- Van de Graaff W B, Thompson W L, Sunshine I, et al. Adsorbent and cathartic inhibition of enteral drug absorption. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982; 221: 656–663
- Andersen A H. Experimental studies on the pharmacology of activated charcoal. I. Adsorption power of charcoal in aqueous solutions. Acta Pharmacol 1946; 2: 69–78
- Lambert R J, Kindler B L, Schaeffer D J. The efficacy of superactivated charcoal in treating rats exposed to a lethal oral dose of potassium cyanide. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: 595–598
- Smith R P, Gosselin R E, Henderson J A, Anderson D M. Comparison of the adsorptive properties of activated charcoal and Alaskan montmorillonite for some common poisons. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1967; 10: 95–104
- North D S, Thompson J D, Peterson C D. Effect of activated charcoal on ethanol blood levels in dogs. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981; 38: 864–866
- Hultén B A, Heath A, Mellstrand T, Hedner T. Does alcohol absorb to activated charcoal?. Hum Toxicol 1985; 5: 211–212
- Neuvonen P J, Olkkola K T, Alanen T. Effect of ethanol and pH on the adsorption of drugs to activated charcoal: studies in vitro and in man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1984; 54: 1–7
- Olkkola K T. Does ethanol modify antidotal efficacy of oral activated charcoal studies in vitro and in experimental animals. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1984; 22: 425–432
- Chin L, Picchioni A L, Duplisse B R. Comparative antidotal effectiveness of activated charcoal, Arizona montmorillonite, and evaporated milk. J Pharm Sci 1969; 58: 1353–1356
- Cooney D O. In vitro evidence for ipecac inactivation by activated charcoal. J Pharm Sci 1978; 67: 426–427
- Freedman G E, Pasternak S, Krenzelok E P. A clinical trial using syrup of ipecac and activated charcoal concurrently. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 164–166
- Favin F D, Klein-Schwartz W, Oderda G M, Rose S R. In vitro study of lithium carbonate adsorption by activated charcoal. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1988; 26: 443–450
- Linakis J G, Lacoutre P G, Eisenberg M S, et al. Administration of activated charcoal or sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate®) as gastric decontamination for lithium intoxication: an animal model. Pharmacol Toxicol 1989; 65: 387–389
- Chinouth R W, Czajka P A, Peterson R G. N-acetylcystine adsorption to activated charcoal. Vet Hum Toxicol 1980; 22: 392–393
- Klein-Schwartz W, Oderda G. Adsorption of oral antidotes for acetaminophenpoisoning (methionine and N-acetylcysteine) by activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol 1981; 18: 283–90
- Rybolt T R, Burrell D E, Shults J M, Kelley A K. In vitro coadsorption of acetaminophen and N-acetylcysteine onto activated carbon powder. J Pharm Sci 1986; 75: 904–906
- North D S, Peterson R G, Krenzelok E P. Effect of activated charcoal administration on acetylcysteine serum levels in humans. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981; 38: 1022–1024
- Renzi F P, Donovan J W, Martin T G, Morgan L R, Harrison E F. Concomitant use of activated charcoal and N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 568–572
- Ekins B R, Ford D C, Thompson M FB, et al. The effect of activated charcoal on N-acetylcysteine absorption in normal subjects. Am J Emerg Med 1987; 5: 483–487
- Watson W A, McKinney P E. Activated charcoal and acetylcysteine adsorption: Issues in interpreting pharmacokinetic data (letter). Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1991; 25: 1081
- Crockett R, Krishel S J, Manoguerra A S, Williams S R, Clark R F. Prehospital use of activated charcoal: a pilot study. J Emerg Med 1996; 14: 335–338
- Harchelroad F, Cottington E, Krenzelok E P. Gastrointestinal transit times of a charcoal/sorbitol slurry in overdose patients. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1989; 27: 91–99
- McKinney P, Phillips S, Gomez H F, Brent J. Corneal abrasions secondary to activated charcoal. Vet Hum Toxicol 1992; 34: 336
- Pollack M M, Dunbar B S, Holbrook P R, Fields A I. Aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10: 528–529
- Justiniani F R, Hippalgaonkar R, Martinez L O. Charcoal-containing empyema complicating treatment for overdose. Chest 1985; 87: 404–405
- Elliott C G, Colby T V, Kelly T M, Hicks H G. Charcoal lung: Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal. Chest 1989; 96: 672
- Harris C R, Filandrinos D. Accidental administration of activated charcoal into the lung: Aspiration by proxy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 1470–1473
- Silberman H, Davis S M, Lee A. Activated charcoal aspiration. NC Med J 1990; 51: 79
- George D L, McLeod R, Weinstein R A. Contaminated commercial charcoal as a source of fungi in the respiratory tract. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991; 12: 732–734
- Galinsky R E, Levy G. Evaluation of activated charcoal-sodium sulfate combination for inhibition of acetaminophen absorption and repletion of inorganic sulfate. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1984; 22: 21–30
- Levy G, Houston J B. Effect of activated charcoal on acetaminophen absorption. Pediatrics 1976; 58: 432–435
- McNamara R M, Aaron C K, Gemborys M, David-Heiser S. Efficacy of charcoal cathartic versus ipecac in reducing serum acetaminophen in a simulated overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 934–938
- Neuvonen P J, Vartiainen M, Tokola O. Comparison of activated charcoal and ipecac syrup in prevention of drug absorption. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 24: 557–562
- Kivisto K T, Neuvonen P J. Effect of activated charcoal on the absorption of amiodarone. Hum Exp Toxicol 1991; 10: 327–329
- Karkkainen S, Neuvonen P J. Pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline influenced by oral charcoal and urine pH. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1986; 24: 326–332
- Tenenbein M, Cohen S, Sitar D S. Efficacy of ipecac-induced emesis, orogastric lavage, and activated charcoal for acute drug overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 838–841
- Neuvonen P J, Olkkola K T. Effect of purgatives on antidotal efficacy of oral activated charcoal. Hum Toxicol 1986; 5: 255–263
- Neuvonen P J, Elonen E. Effect of activated charcoal on absorption and elimination of phenobarbitone, carbamazepine and phenylbutazone in man. Eur J Oin Pharmacol 1980; 17: 51–57
- Neuvonen P J, Kivisto K, Hirvisalo E L. Effects of resins and charcoal on digoxin, carbamazepine and furosemide adsorption. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 25: 229–233
- Neuvonen P J, Kivisto K T, Laine K, Pyykko K. Prevention of chloroquine absorption by activated charcoal. Hum Exp Toxicol 1992; 11: 117–120
- Neuvonen P J, Karkkainen S. Effects of charcoal, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride on chlorpropamide kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 33: 386–393
- Neuvonen P J, Olkkola K T. Activated charcoal and syrup of ipecac in prevention of cimetidine and pindolol absorption in man after administration of metoclopramide as an antiemetic agent. J Toxicol Oin Toxicol 1984; 22: 103–114
- Torre D, Sampietro C, Quadrelli C. Effects of orally administered activated charcoal on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Chemioterapia 1988; 7: 382–386
- Neuvonen P J, Elfving S M, Elonen E. Reduction of absorption of digoxin, phenytoin, and aspirin by activated charcoal in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 13: 213–218
- Neuvonen P J, Olkkola K T. Effect of dose of charcoal on the absorption of disopyramide, indomethacin and trimethoprim by man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 26: 761–767
- Kivisto K T, Neuvonen P J. Effect of activated charcoal on furosemide-induced diuresis; a human class experiment for medical students. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30: 496–498
- Scolding N, Ward M J, Hutchings A, Routledge P A. Charcoal and isoniazid pharmacokinetics. Hum Toxicol 1986; 5: 285–286
- Siefkin A D, Albertson T E, Corbett M G. Isoniazid overdose: pharmacokinetics and effects of oral charcoal in treatment. Hum Toxicol 1987; 6: 497–501
- El-Bahie N, Allen E M, Williams J, Routledge P A. The effect of activated charcoal and hyoscine butylbromide alone and in combination on the absorption of mefenamic acid. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 19: 836–838
- Olkkola K T, Neuvonen P J. Do gastric contents modify antidotal efficacy of oral activated charcoal?. Br J Oin Pharmacol 1984; 18: 663–669
- Knadler M P, Bergstrom R F, Callaghan J T, Obermeyer B D, Rubin A. Absorption studies of the H2-blocker nizatidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987; 42: 514–520
- Alvan G. Effect of activated charcoal on plasma levels of nortriptyline after single doses in man. Eur J Oin Pharmacol 1973; 5: 236–238
- Dawling S, Crome P, Braithwaite R. Effect of delayed administration of activated charcoal on nortriptyline absorption. Eur J Oin Pharmacol 1978; 14: 445–447
- Greb W H, Buscher H D, Dierdorf H W, von Schrader H W, Wolf D. Ability of charcoal to prevent absorption of paroxetine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80(Suppl 350)156–157
- Laufen H, Leitold M. The effect of activated charcoal on the bioavailability of piroxicam in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1986; 24: 48–52
- Karkkainen S, Neuvonen P J. Effects of oral charcoal and urine pH on dextropropoxyphene pharmacokinetics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1985; 23: 219–225
- Chung D C, Murphy J E, Taylor T W. In-vivo comparison of the adsorption capacity of “superactive charcoal” and fructose with activated charcoal and fructose. Clin Toxicol 1982; 19: 219–224
- Curtis R A, Barone J, Giacona N. Efficacy of ipecac and activated charcoal/cathartic: prevention of salicylate absorption in a simulated overdose. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 48–52
- Krenzelok E P, Heller M B. Effectiveness of commercially available aqueous activated charcoal products. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 1340–1343
- Levy G, Tsuchiya T. Effect of activated charcoal on aspirin absorption in man. CLin Pharmacol Ther 1972; 13: 317–22
- Mayersohn M, Perrier D, Picchioni A L. Evaluation of a charcoal-sorbitol mixture as an antidote for oral aspirin overdose. Clin Toxicol 1977; 11: 561–567
- Olkkola K T, Neuvonen P J. Effect of gastric pH on antidotal efficacy of activated charcoal in man. Int J Oin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1984; 22: 565–569
- Rosenberg P J, Livingstone D J, McLellan B A. Effect of whole-bowel irrigation on the antidotal efficacy of oral activated charcoal. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: 681–683
- Scholtz E C, Jaffe J M, Colaizzi J L. Evaluation of five activated charcoal formulations for inhibition of aspirin absorption and palatability in man. Am J Hosp Pharm 1978; 35: 1355–1359
- Easom J M, Caraccio T R, Lovejoy F H., Jr. Evaluation of activated charcoal and magnesium citrate in the prevention of aspirin absorption in humans. Clin Pharm 1982; 1: 154–156
- Sketris I S, Mowry J B, Czajka P A, Anderson W H, Stafford D T. Saline catharsis: Effect on aspirin bioavailability in combination with activated charcoal. J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 22: 59–64
- Danel V, Henry J A, Glucksman E. Activated charcoal, emesis, and gastric lavage in aspirin overdose. BMJ 1988; 296: 1507
- Juhl R P. Comparison of kaolin-pectin and activated charcoal for inhibition of aspirin absorption. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979; 36: 1097–1098
- Kirshenbaum L A, Mathews S C, Sitar D S, Tenenbein M. Whole-bowel irrigation versus activated charcoal in sorbitol for the ingestion of modified-release pharmaceuticals. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 46: 264–271
- Karkkainen S, Neuvonen P J. Effect of oral charcoal and urine pH on sotalol pharmacokinetics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1984; 22: 441–446
- Akintonwa A, Obodozie O. Effect of activated charcoal on the disposition of sulphadoxine. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 1991; 309: 185–192
- Lim D T, Singh P, Nourtsis Dela S., Cruz R. Absorption inhibition and enhancement of elimination of sustained-release theophylline tablets by oral activated charcoal. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: 1303–1307
- Sintek C, Hendeles L, Weinberger M. Inhibition of theophylline absorption by activated charcoal. J Pediatr 1979; 94: 314–316
- Cordonnier J, Van den Heede M, Heyndrickx A. Activated charcoal and ipecac syrup in prevention in tilidine absorption in man. Vet Hum Toxicol 1987; 29: 105–106
- Neuvonen P J, Kannisto H, Hirvisalo E L. Effect of activated charcoal in absorption of tolbutamide and valproate in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 24: 243–246