Long-term ocular consequences of sulfur mustard in lung-injured war veterans

References

• Watson AP, Griffin GD. Toxicity of vesicant agents scheduled for destruction by the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Environ Health Perspect 1992;98:259–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus J, Huebner K. Vesicants. Crit Care Clin 2005;21:707–18, vi.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed-Ali H. [Late lesions due to poison gas in survivors of the Iraqi poison warfare against the Kurdish people]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1992;142:8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehe K, Szinicz L. Medical aspects of sulphur mustard poisoning. Toxicology 2005;214:198–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khateri S, Ghanei M, Keshavarz S, Soroush M, Haines D. Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34,000 Iranians with wartime exposure to mustard agent. J Occup Environ Med 2003;45:1136–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Mokhtari M, Mohammad MM, Aslani J. Bronchiolitis obliterans following exposure to sulfur mustard: chest high resolution computed tomography. Eur J Radiol 2004;52:164–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Harandi AA. Long term consequences from exposure to sulfur mustard: a review. Inhal Toxicol 2007;19:451–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmler J, Hermanns MI, Steinritz D, Kreppel H, Kirkpatrick CJ, Bloch W et al. Assessment of alterations in barrier functionality and induction of proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects after sulfur mustard exposure of an in vitro coculture model of the human alveolo-capillary barrier. Inhal Toxicol 2007;19:657–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balali-Mood M, Hefazi M. Comparison of early and late toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006;99:273–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emad A, Rezaian GR. The diversity of the effects of sulfur mustard gas inhalation on respiratory system 10 years after a single, heavy exposure: analysis of 197 cases. Chest 1997;112:734–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidan A, Luria S, Eisenkraft A, Hourvitz A. Ocular injuries following sulfur mustard exposure: clinical characteristics and treatment. Isr Med Assoc j 2002;4:577–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safaei A, Saluti R, Kumar PV. Conjunctival dysplasia in soldiers exposed to mustard gas during the Iraq-Iran war: scrape cytology. Acta Cytol 2001;45:909–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baradaran-Rafii A, Javadi MA, Rezaei Kanavi M, Eslani M, Jamali H, Karimian F. Limbal stem cell deficiency in chronic and delayed-onset mustard gas keratopathy. Ophthalmology 2010;117:246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi H, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Pourfarzam S, Ghassemi-Broumand M, Babaei M, et al. Systemic and ocular complications of sulfur mustard: a panoramic review. Toxin Rev 2009;28:14–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khateri S. Statistical views on late complications of chemical weapons on Iranian CW victims. The ASA Newsletter 2001;85:16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Ghazanfari T, Faghihzadeh S, Aragizadeh H, Soroush MR, Yaraee R, Mohammad Hassan Z et al.; Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study Research Group. Sardasht-Iran cohort study of chemical warfare victims: design and methods. Arch Iran Med 2009;12:5–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghassemi-Broumand M, Agin K, Kangari H. The delayed ocular and pulmonary complications of mustard gas. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2004;23:293–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javadi MA, Baradaran-Rafii A. Living-related conjunctival-limbal allograft for chronic or delayed-onset mustard gas keratopathy. Cornea 2009;28:51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghassemi-Broumand M, Aslani J, Emadi SN. Delayed ocular, pulmonary, and cutaneous complications of mustards in patients in the city of Sardasht, Iran. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2008;27:295–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dua HS, Saini JS, Azuara-Blanco A, Gupta P. Limbal stem cell deficiency: concept, aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000;48:83–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghasemi H, Ghazanfari T, Ghassemi-Broumand M, Javadi MA, Babaei M, Soroush MR et al. Long-term ocular consequences of sulfur mustard in seriously eye-injured war veterans. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2009;28:71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javadi MA, Yazdani S, Sajjadi H, Jadidi K, Karimian F, Einollahi B et al. Chronic and delayed-onset mustard gas keratitis: report of 48 patients and review of literature. Ophthalmology 2005;112:617–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etezad-Razavi M, Mahmoudi M, Hefazi M, Balali-Mood M. Delayed ocular complications of mustard gas poisoning and the relationship with respiratory and cutaneous complications. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2006;34:342–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi H, Ghazanfari T, Babaei M, Soroush MR, Yaraee R, Ghassemi-Broumand M et al. Long-term ocular complications of sulfur mustard in the civilian victims of Sardasht, Iran. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2008;27:317–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheri MH, Hosseini SK, Mostafavi SH, Alavi SA. High-resolution CT in chronic pulmonary changes after mustard gas exposure. Acta Radiol 2003;44:241–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Panahi Y, Mojtahedzadeh M, Khalili AR, Aslani J. Effect of gamma interferon on lung function of mustard gas exposed patients, after 15 years. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006;19:148–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray R, Keyser B, Benton B, Daher A, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS. Sulfur mustard induces apoptosis in cultured normal human airway epithelial cells: evidence of a dominant caspase-8-mediated pathway and differential cellular responses. Drug Chem Toxicol 2008;31:137–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg Y, Alcalay M, Belkin M. Ocular injury by mustard gas. Surv Ophthalmol 1997;41:461–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann I, Pullinger BD. The Pathology of Cholesterin and Fat Deposition in Mustard Gas Injuries of the Cornea. Br J Ophthalmol 1942;26:503–507.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yaraee R, Ghazanfari T, Ebtekar M, Ardestani SK, Rezaei A, Kariminia A et al. Alterations in serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1Ra) 20 years after sulfur mustard exposure: Sardasht-Iran cohort study. Int Immunopharmacol 2009;9:1466–1470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Kariminia A, Ebtekar M, Faghihzadeh S, Vaez-Mahdavi MR et al. Alterations in the serum levels of chemokines 20 years after sulfur mustard exposure: Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study. Int Immunopharmacol 2009;9:1471–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazanfari T, Sharifnia Z, Yaraee R, Pourfarzam S, Kariminia A, Mahlojirad M et al. Serum soluble Fas ligand and nitric oxide in long-term pulmonary complications induced by sulfur mustard: Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study. Int Immunopharmacol 2009;9:1489–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi H, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Ghassemi-Broumand M, Soroush MR, Pourfarzam S et al. Evaluation of relationship between the serum levels of inflammatory mediators and ocular injuries induced by sulfur mustard: Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study. Int Immunopharmacol 2009;9:1494–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shams J, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Vaez Mahdavi MR, Soroush MR, Hassan ZM et al. Long-term hematological consequences of sulfur mustard on civilians of Sardasht 20 years after exposure. Toxin Rev 2009;28:39–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourfarzam S, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Ghasemi H, Hassan ZM, Faghihzadeh S et al. Serum levels of IL-8 and IL-6 in the long term pulmonary complications induced by sulfur mustard: Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study. Int Immunopharmacol 2009;9:1482–1488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar