A comparison of decontamination effects of commercially available detergents in rats pre-exposed to topical sulphur mustard

References

• Paromov V, Suntres Z, Smith M, Stone WL. Sulfur mustard toxicity following dermal exposure: role of oxidative stress, and antioxidant therapy. J Burns Wounds 2007;7:e7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta RC. (2009). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. London: Elsevier Inc., 1053.
   Google Scholar
• Kehe K, Balszuweit F, Steinritz D, Thiermann H. Molecular toxicology of sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous inflammation and blistering. Toxicology 2009;263:12–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilcott RP, Jenner J, Carrick W, Hotchkiss SA, Rice P. Human skin absorption of Bis-2-(chloroethyl)sulphide (sulphur mustard) in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20:349–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dacre JC, Goldman M. Toxicology and pharmacology of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. Pharmacol Rev 1996;48:289–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanei M, Poursaleh Z, Harandi AA, Emadi SE, Emadi SN. Acute and chronic effects of sulfur mustard on the skin: a comprehensive review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2010;29:269–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poursaleh Z, Ghanei M, Babamahmoodi F, Izadi M, Harandi AA, Emadi SE et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of skin lesions caused by sulfur mustard. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31:241–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehe K, Szinicz L. Medical aspects of sulphur mustard poisoning. Toxicology 2005;214:198–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Vijayaraghavan R, Ganesan K. Comparison of toxicity of selected mustard agents by percutaneous and subcutaneous routes. Indian J Exp Biol 2008;46:822–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayaraghavan R, Kulkarni A, Pant SC, Kumar P, Rao PV, Gupta N et al. Differential toxicity of sulfur mustard administered through percutaneous, subcutaneous, and oral routes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005;202:180–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehe K, Müller H, Balszuweit F, Steinritz D, Thiermann H, Klaus SM, Kreppel H. (2009). New methods to detect sulfur mustard (SM) and SM-induced skin damage. Counteraction to Chemical and Biological Terrorism in East European Countries; Book Series Title: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology. Netherlands: Springer, 127–133.
   Google Scholar
• Jain AK, Tewari-Singh N, Orlicky DJ, White CW, Agarwal R. 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide causes microvesication and inflammation-related histopathological changes in male hairless mouse skin. Toxicology 2011;282:129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph LB, Gerecke DR, Heck DE, Black AT, Sinko PJ, Cervelli JA et al. Structural changes in the skin of hairless mice following exposure to sulfur mustard correlate with inflammation and DNA damage. Exp Mol Pathol 2011;91:515–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le HQ, Knudsen SJ. Exposure to a First World War blistering agent. Emerg Med J 2006;23:296–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Törngren S, Persson SA, Ljungquist A, Berglund T, Nordstrand M, Hägglund L et al. Personal decontamination after exposure to stimulated liquid phase contaminants: functional assessment of a new unit. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998;36:567–573.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz MD, Hurst CG, Kirk MA, Reedy SJ, Braue EH. Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) for the Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) Dermal Exposure. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012;13:1971–1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amlot R, Larner J, Matar H, Jones DR, Carter H, Turner EA et al. Comparative analysis of showering protocols for mass-casualty decontamination. Prehosp Disaster Med 2010;25:435–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomash V, Deb U, Rai R, Jadhav SE, Vijayaraghavan R, Pant SC. Designing of mouse model: a new approach for studying sulphur mustard-induced skin lesions. Burns 2011;37:851–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabal J, Kassa J, Severa J. A comparison of the decontamination efficacy of foam-making blends based on cationic and nonionic tensides against organophosphorus compounds determined in vitro and in vivo. Hum Exp Toxicol 2003;22:507–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautam A, Vijayaraghavan R. Prophylactic effect of gossypin against percutaneously administered sulfur mustard. Biomed Environ Sci 2007;20:250–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha VR, Kaur MP. Permeation enhancers for transdermal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2000;26:1131–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell D, Blain PG, Rice P. Clinical management of casualties exposed to lung damaging agents: a critical review. Emerg Med J 2006;23:421–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugendran K, Kumar P. Treatment for sulphur mustard poisoning - A review. Defence Sci J 1998;48:155–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braue EH Jr, Smith KH, Doxzon BF, Lumpkin HL, Clarkson ED. Efficacy studies of Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion, M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, 0.5% bleach, 1% soapy water, and Skin Exposure Reduction Paste against Chemical Warfare Agents, part 2: guinea pigs challenged with soman. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2011;30:29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnason S, Mikler J, Hill I, Tenn C, Garrett M, Caddy N et al. Comparison of selected skin decontaminant products and regimens against VX in domestic swine. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008;27:253–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro NB, Ambrose KR, Watson AP. Toxicity of the organophosphate chemical warfare agents GA, GB and VX: implications for public protection. Environ Health Persp 1994;102:18–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taysse L, Daulon S, Delamanche S, Bellier B, Breton P. Skin decontamination of mustards and organophosphates: comparative efficiency of RSDL and Fuller’s earth in domestic swine. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007;26:135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braue EH Jr, Smith KH, Doxzon BF, Lumpkin HL, Clarkson ED. Efficacy studies of Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion, M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, 0.5% bleach, 1% soapy water, and Skin Exposure Reduction Paste Against Chemical Warfare Agents, part 1: guinea pigs challenged with VX. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2011;30:15–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taysse L, Dorandeu F, Daulon S, Foquin A, Perrier N, Lallement G et al. Cutaneous challenge with chemical warfare agents in the SKH-1 hairless mouse (II): effects of some currently used skin decontaminants (RSDL and Fuller’s earth) against liquid sulphur mustard and VX exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011;30:491–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad GK, Ramacharyulu PVRK, Kumar JP, Ganesan K, Singh B. Comparative evaluation of various sorbent decontaminants against sulphur mustard. J Sci Ind Res India 2012;71:205–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidell FR. (1997). Nerve agents. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 129–179.
   Google Scholar
• Menger FM, Portnoy CE. On chemistry of reactions proceeding inside molecular aggregates. J Am Chem Soc 1967;89:4698–4702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawin LR, Fife WK, Tian CX. Hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters in the presence of polymer micelles. Selectivity and biphasic behavior with increasing ester concentration. Langmuir 2000;16:3583–3587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal KL. (1982). Solution Behaviour of Surfactants (Theoretical and Applied Aspects) 1 and 2. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haig SD. A review of the interaction of surfactants with organic contaminants in soil. Sci Tot Environ 1996;185:161–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwars T, Paetzold E, Oehme G. Reactions in micellar systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005;44:7174–7199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilker T. Medical management of incidents with chemical warfare agents. Toxicology 2005;214:221–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar