References
- Uslu G, Sendur N, Uslu M, et al. Acne: prevalence, perceptions and effects on psychological health among adolescents in Aydin, Turkey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22:462–469
- Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Zouboulis C. An update on the role of the sebaceous gland in the pathogenesis of acne. Dermatoendocrinology 2011;3:41–49
- Vowels BR, Yang S, Leyden JJ. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines by a soluble factor of Propionibacterium acnes: implications for chronic inflammatory acne. Infect Immun 1995;63:3158–3165
- Miller LS. Toll-like receptors in skin. Adv Dermatol 2008;24:71–87
- Jugeau S, Jenaud I, Knol AC, et al. Induction of toll-like receptors by Propionibacterium acnes. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:1105–1113
- Kim J, Ochoa MT, Krutzik SR, et al. Activation of toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses. J Immunol 2002;169:1535–1541
- Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Koreck A, et al. Distinct strains of Propionibacterium acnes induce selective human beta defensin-2 and interleukin-8 expression in human keratinocytes through toll-like receptors. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:931–938
- Bals R, Wilson JM. Cathelicidins a family of multifunctional antimicrobial peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003;60:711–720
- Cunliffe WJ, Holland DB, Jeremy A. Comedone formation: etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment. Clin Dermatol 2004;22:367–374
- Kilic M, Oguztuzun S, Karadag AS, et al. The relationships of cathelicidin, hBD-1, hBD-2 and hBD-3 in patients with P. versicolor, T. inguinalis and T. pedis infections. Adv Biol Res 2013;7:228–233
- Selway JL, Kurczab T, Kealey T, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 activation and comedogenesis: implications for the pathogenesis of acne. BMC Dermatol 2013;13:10
- Liu PT, Krutzik SR, Kim J, et al. Cutting edge: all-trans retinoic acid down-regulates TLR2 expression and function. J Immunol 2005;174:2467–2470
- Tenaud I, Khammari A, Dreno B. In vitro modulation of TLR-2, CD1d and IL-10 by adapalene on normal human skin and acne inflammatory lesions. Exp Dermatol 2007;16:500–506
- Dispenza MC, Wolpert EB, Gilliland KL, et al. Systemic isotretinoin therapy normalizes exaggerated TLR-2-mediated innate immune responses in acne patients. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132:2198–2205
- Jeong E, Hong JW, Min JA, et al. Topical ALA-photodynamic therapy for acne can induce apoptosis of sebocytes and down-regulate their TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression. Ann Dermatol 2011;23:23–32
- Chronnell CM, Ghali LR, Ali RS, et al. Human beta defensin-1 and -2 expression in human pilosebaceous units: upregulation in acne vulgaris lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:1120–1125
- Philpott MP. Defensins and acne. Mol Immunol 2003;40:457–462
- Wang Y, Zhang Z, Chen L, et al. Cathelicidin-BF, a snake cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, could be an excellent therapeutic agent for acne vulgaris. PLoS One 2011;6:e22120
- Borovaya A, Dombrowski Y, Zwicker S, et al. Isotretinoin therapy changes the expression of antimicrobial peptides in acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol Res 2014;306:689–700