Ultrastructural damage of capillaries in the neocortex in schizophrenia

References

• Alba C, Vidal L, Diaz F, Villena A, de Vargas IP. 2004. Ultrastructural and quantitative age-related changes in capillaries of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Brain Res Bull 30:145–153.
   Google Scholar
• Afonso PV, Ozden S, Cumont MC, Seilhean D, Cartier L, . 2008. Alteration of blood-brain barrier integrity by retroviral infection. PLoS Pathog 4(1l):el000205 [Epub 14 November 2008].
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Flaum M, Nopoulos P, Watkins GL, . 1997. Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: distributed dysfunctional circuits in neuroleptic-naive patients. Lancet 349:1730–1734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen NC, Calage CA, O'Leary DS. 2008. Theory of mind and schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study of medication-free patients. Schizophr Bull 34:708–719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreone N, Tansella M, Cerini R, Versace A, Rambaldelli G, . 2007. Cortical white matter microstructure in schizophrenia. Diffusion imaging study. British J Psychiatry 191:113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler PD, Javitt DC. 2005. Early-stage visual processing deficits in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 18:151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury M. 1979. The concept of a blood-brain barrier. London: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Buchsbaum MS, Nenadic I, Hazlett EA, Spiegel-Cohen J, Fleischman MB, . 2002. Differential metabolic rates in prefrontal and temporal Brodmann areas in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 54:141–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buretic-Tomljanovic A, Giacometti J, Nadalin S, Rubesa G, Vulin M, . 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Phospholipid membrane abnormalities and reduced niacin skin flush response in schizophrenia.
   Google Scholar
• Psychiatr Danub 20:372–383.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis CE, Iacono WG, Beiser M. 1999. Relationship between nailfold plexus visibility and clinical, neuropsychological, and brain structural measures in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 46:102–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis JM. 1974. Dose equivalence of the antipsychotic drugs. J Psychiatr Res 11:65–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean B, Laws SM, Hone E, Taddei K, Scarr E, . 2003. Increased levels of apolipoprotein E in the frontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 54:616–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorph-Petersen KA, Pierri JN, Wu Q, Sampson AR, Lewis DA. 2007. Primary visual cortex volume and total neuron number are reduced in schizophrenia. J Comp Neurol 501:290–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erhardt S, Blennow K, Nordin C, Skogh E, Lindström LH, . 2001. Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 313: 96–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garver DL, Nair TR, Christensen JD, Holcomb JA, Kingsbury SJ. 2000. Brain and ventricle instability during psychotic episodes of the schizophrenias. Schizophr Res 44:11–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonul AS, Kula M, Esel E, Tutus A, Sofuoglu S. 2003. A Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT study of regional cerebral blood flow in drug-free schizophreniapatients with deficit and non-deficit syndrome. Psychiatry Res 123:199–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gooding DC, Miller MD. 1998. Nailfold capillary plexus visibility in relation to schizotypy.
   Google Scholar
• Schizophr Res 32:207–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farkas E, Süle Z, Tóth-Szuki V, Mátyás A, Antal P, . 2006. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases cerebral blood flow and ultrastructural capillary damage through the release of nitric oxide in the rat brain. Microvasc Res 72:113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filosa JA, Blanco VM. 2007. Neurovascular coupling in the mammalian brain. Exp Physiol 92:641–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson DR, Gottesman II. 2005. Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis. BMC Med Genet 6:7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haorah J, Ramirez SH, Schall K, Smith D, Pandya R, . 2007. Oxidative stress activates protein tyrosine kinase and matrix metalloproteinases leading to blood-brain barrier dysfunction. J Neurochem 101:566–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison RV, Harel N, Panesar J, Mount RJ. 2002. Blood capillary distribution correlates with hemodynamic-based functional imaging in cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 12:225–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshi Y, Shinba T, Sato C, Doi N. 2006. Resting hypofrontality in schizophrenia: a study using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Schizophr Res 84:411–420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamada H, Yu F, Nito C, Chan PH. 2007. Influence of hyperglycemia on oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats: relation to blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Stroke 38: 1044–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson H, Bachmann S, Schröder J, McArthur J, Torrey EF, . 2001. Retroviral RNA identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:4634–4639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreczmanski P, Schmidt-Kastner R, Heinsen H, Steinbusch HW, Hof PR, . 2005. Stereological studies of capillary length density in the frontal cortex of schizophrenics.
   Google Scholar
• Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 109 (5) :510–518.
   Google Scholar
• Kreczmanski P, Heinsen H, Mantua V, Woltersdorf F, Masson T, . 2009. Microvessel length density, total length, and length per neuron in five subcortical regions in schizophrenia. Acta Neuropathol 117:409–421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li X, Tang J, Wu Z, Zhao G, Liu C, . 2005. SPECT study of Chinese schizophrenia patients suggests that cerebral hypoper-fusion and laterality exist in different ethnic groups. World J Biol Psychiatry 6:98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mchedlishvili G., Cervos-Navarro, Hossmann K-A. 1986. Brain edema. A pathogenetic analysis. Budapest: Akademia Kiado.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno-Iñiguez M, Ortuño F, Arbizu J, Milán M, Soutullo C, . 2005. Regional cerebral blood flow SPECT study, at rest and during Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance, in schizophrenia naive patients or treated with atypical neuroleptics. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 33:343–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller N, Ackenheil M. 1995. Immunoglobulin and albumin content of cerebrospinal fluid in schizophrenia patients: relationship to negative symptomatology. Schizophr Res 14: 223–228.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Navarro A, Valle E, Tolivia J. 2004. Differential expression of apolipoprotein d in human astroglial and oligodendroglial cells. J Histochem Cytochem 52:1031–1036.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Brien SM, Scully P, Dinan TG. 2008. Increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations with interleukin-4 concentrations in exacerbations of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 160: 256–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oĭfa Al, Uranova NA. 1991. Electron-microscopic analysis of cytoarchitectonic disorders in the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 91:48–52 (in Russian).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orlovskaia DD, Solov'eva ZhV 1976. Changes in the ultra-fine structure of capillaries of the embryonic brain in the presence of schizophrenia in the mother. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 76:1043–1046 (in Russian).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parellada E, Catafau AM, Bernardo M, Lomena F, Catarineu S, . 1998. The resting and activation issue of hypofrontality: a single photon emission computed tomography study in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptic-free schizophrenia female patients. Biol Psychiatry 44:787–790.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pardridge WM. 2007. Blood-brain barrier genomics. Stroke 38:686–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson GJ, Ohashi Y, Reynolds GP, Pratt JA, Morris BJ. 2006. Selective increases in the cytokine, TNFalpha, in the prefrontal cortex of PCP-treated rats and human schizophrenia subjects: influence of antipsychotic drugs. J Psychopharmacol 20: 636–642.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Persidsky Y, Ramirez SH, Haorah J, Kanmogne GD. 2006. Blood-brain barrier: structural components and function under physiologic and pathologic conditions. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 1:223–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters A. 1976. The fine structure of the nervous system. The neurons and supporting cells. Philadelphia, London, Toronto: WB Saunders. 296–302.
   Google Scholar
• Peters A, Josephson K, Vincent SL. 1991. Effects of aging on the neuroglial cells and pericytes within area 17 of the rhesus monkey cerebral cortex. Anat Rec 229:384–398.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potkin SG, Alva G, Fleming K, Anand R, Keator D, . 2002. A PET study of the pathophysiology of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Positron emission tomography. Am J Psychiatry 159:227–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabakaran S, Swatton JE, Ryan MM, Huffaker SJ, Huang JT, . 2004. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress. Mol Psychiatry 9:684–697, 643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragland JD, Gur RC, Glahn DC, Censits DM, Smith RJ, . 1998. Frontotemporal cerebral blood flow change during executive and declarative memory tasks in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychology 12:399–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy R, Keshavan MS. 2003. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy: its utility in examining the membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 69:401–405.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts RC, Du F, McCarthy KE, Okuno E, Schwarcz R. 1992. Immunocytochemical localization of kynurenine aminotrans-ferase in the rat striatum: a light and electron microscopic study. J Comp Neurol 326:82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross BM, Hughes B, Turenne S, Seeman M, Warsh JJ. 2004. Reduced vasodilatory response to methylnicotinate in schizophrenia as assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Eur Neuropsy-chopharmacol 14:191–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schultz SK, O'Leary DS, Boles Ponto LL, Arndt S, Magnotta, . 2002. Age and regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia: age effects in anterior cingulate, frontal, and parietal cortex. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14:19–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwarcz R, Rassoulpour A, Wu HQ, Medoff D, Tamminga CA, . 2001. Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 50:521–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz E, Prabakaran S, Whitfield P, Major H, Leweke FM, . 2008. High throughput lipidomic profiling of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder brain tissue reveals alterations of free fatty acids, phosphatidylcholines, and ceramides. J Proteome Res 7:4266–4277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senitz D, Winkelmann E. 1991. Neuronal structure abnormality in the orbito-frontal cortex of schizophrenics. J Hirnforsch 32:149–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Semkovska M, Bedard MA, Stip E. 2001. Hypofrontality and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: synthesis of anatomic and neuropsychological knowledge and ecological perspectives. Encephale 27:405–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shcherbakova I, Neshkova E, Dotsenko V, Platonova T, Shcherbakova E, . 1999. The possible role of plasma kallikrein-kinin system and leukocyte elastase in pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Immunopharmacology 43:273–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin YW, Kwon JS, Ha TH, Park HJ, Kim DJ, . 2006. Increased water diffusivity in the frontal and temporal cortices of schizophrenia patients. Neuroimage 30:1285–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shusta EV. 2005. Blood-brain barrier genomics, proteomics, and new transporter discovery. NeuroRx 2:151–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simard M, Arcuino G, Takano T, Liu QS, Nedergaard M. 2003. Signaling at the gliovascular interface. J Neurosci 23: 9254–9262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song XQ, Lv LX, Li WQ, Hao YH, Zhao JP. 2009. The interaction of nuclear factor-kappa B and cytokines is associated with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 65:481–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki M, Nohara S, Hagino H, Takahashi T, Kawasaki Y, . 2005. Prefrontal abnormalities in patients with simple schizophrenia: structural and functional brain-imaging studies in five cases. Psychiatry Res 140:157–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SF, Phan KL, Britton JC, Liberzon I. 2005. Neural response to emotional salience in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:984–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theoharides TC, Konstantinidou AD. 2007. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the blood-brain barrier. Front Biosci 12:1615–1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno M, Sakamoto H, Kanenishi K, Onodera M, Akiguchi I, . 2001. Ultrastructural and permeability features of micro-vessels in the periventricular area of senescence-accelerated mice (SAM). Microsc Res Tech 53:232–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ueno M, Tomimoto H, Akiguchi I, Wakita H, Sakamoto H. 2002. Blood-brain barrier disruption in white matter lesions in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22:97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uranova N, Orlovskaya D, Vikhreva O, Zimina I, Kolomeets N, . 2001. Electron microscopy of oligodendroglia in severe mental illness. Brain Res Bull 55:597–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uranova NA, Vostrikov VM, Vikhreva OV, Zimina IS, Kolomeets NS, . 2007. The role of oligodendrocyte pathology in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10:537–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vita A, Bressi S, Perani D, Invernizzi G, Giobbio GM, . 1995. High-resolution SPECT study of regional cerebral blood flow in drug-free and drug-naive schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry 152:876–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vostrikov V, Orlovskaya D, Uranova N. 2008. Deficit of pericapillary oligodendrocytes in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 9:34–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CS, Yang YK, Chen M, Chiu NT, Yeh TL, . 2003. Negative symptoms and regional cerebral blood flow in patients with schizophrenia: a single photon emission computed tomography study. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 19:464–469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webster MJ, Knable MB, Johnston-Wilson N, Nagata K, Inagaki M, . 2001. Immunohistochemical localization of phosphorylated glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Brain Behav Immun 15: 388–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Zee RF. 1986. Physiology dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:114–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JS, Chen XC, Chen H, Shi YQ. 2006. A study on blood-brain barrier ultrastructural changes induced by cerebral hypoperfusion of different stages. Neurol Res 28:50–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken RH, Karlsson H, Yee F, Johnston-Wilson NL, Torrey EF 2000. Endogenous retroviruses and schizophrenia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 31:193–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao J, He X, Liu Z, Yang D. 2006. The effects of clozapine on cognitive function and regional cerebral blood flow in the negative symptom profile schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Med 36: 171–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• del Zoppo GJ, Hallenbeck JM. 2000. Advances in the vascular pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Thromb Res 98: 73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar