Preliminary evaluation of clinical outcome and safety of ketamine as an anesthetic for electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia

References

• Aldenkamp AP, Gutter T, Beun AM. 1992. The effect of seizure activity and paroxysmal electroencephalographic discharges on cognition. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 140:111–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alkire MT, Miller J. 2005. General anesthesia and the neural correlates of consciousness. Prog Brain Res 150:229–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 2001. The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging (A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Anand KJ, Garg S, Rovnaghi CR, Narsinghani U, Bhutta AT, Hall RW. 2007. Ketamine reduces the cell death following inflammatory pain in newborn rat brain. Pediatr Res 62:283–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer CL, Davidson JR, Hereward S. 1972. Ketamine ("Ketalar"): a safer anaesthetic for ECT. Br J Psychiatry 120:679–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundy BD, Hewer W, Andres FJ, Gass P, Sartorius A. 2010. Influence of anesthetic drugs and concurrent psychiatric medication on seizure adequacy during electroconvulsive therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 71:775–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll BT, Goforth HW, Thomas C, Ahuja N, McDaniel WW, Kraus MF, et al. 2007. Review of adjunctive glutamate antagonist therapy in the treatment of catatonic syndromes. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 19:406–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corssen G, Reves J, Stanley T. 1988. Intravenous anesthesia and analgesia. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
   Google Scholar
• Delrieu J, Piau A, Caillaud C, Voisin T, Vellas B. 2011. Managing cognitive dysfunction through the continuum of Alzheimer's disease: role of pharmacotherapy. CNS Drugs 25:213–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding Z, White PF. 2002. Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 94:1351–1364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domino EF, Chodoff P, Corssen G. 1965. Pharmacologic effects of Ci-581, a new dissociative anesthetic, in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 6:279–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards M, Koopowitz LF, Harvey EJ. 2003. A naturalistic study of the measurement of seizure adequacy in electroconvulsive therapy. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 37:312–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink M, Sackeim HA. 1996. Convulsive therapy in schizophrenia?. Schizophr Bull 22:27–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredriksson A, Ponten E, Gordh T, Eriksson P. 2007. Neonatal exposure to a combination of N-methyl-D-aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor anesthetic agents potentiates apoptotic neurodegeneration and persistent behavioral deficits. Anesthesiology 107:427–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaebel W, Falkai P. 2005. Behandlungsleitlinie Schizophrenie Darmstadt: Steinkopff.
   Google Scholar
• Gao XM, Sakai K, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Dean B, Tamminga CA. 2000. Ionotropic glutamate receptors and expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits in subregions of human hippocampus: effects of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 157:1141–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia LS, Comim CM, Valvassori SS, Reus GZ, Barbosa LM, Andreazza AC, et al. 2008. Acute administration of ketamine induces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and increases BDNF levels in the rat hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32:140–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glue P, Gulati A, Le Nedelec M, Duffull S. 2011. Dose- and exposure-response to ketamine in depression. Biol Psychiatry 70:e9–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green CD. 1973. Ketamine as an anaesthetic for ECT. Br J Psychiatry 122:123–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green SM, Cote CJ. 2009. Ketamine and neurotoxicity: clinical perspectives and implications for emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 54:181–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B. 2011. Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update. Ann Emerg Med 57:449 61.
   Google Scholar
• Greifenstein FE, Devault M, Yoshitake J, Gajewski JE. 1958. A study of a 1-aryl cyclo hexyl amine for anesthesia. Anesth Analg 37:283–294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guerra F. 1980. Ketamine may exacerbate psychiatric illness. Anesthesiology 53:177–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunduz-Bruce H. 2009. The acute effects of NMDA antagonism: from the rodent to the human brain. Brain Res Rev 60:279–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayashi H, Dikkes P, Soriano SG. 2002. Repeated administration of ketamine may lead to neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain. Paediatr Anaesth 12:770–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelseher S, Durieux ME. 2005. Revising a dogma: ketamine for patients with neurological injury?. Anesth Analg 101: 524–534, table of contents.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelseher S, Pfenninger E, Georgieff M. 1996. The effects of ketamine-isomers on neuronal injury and regeneration in rat hippocampal neurons. Anesth Analg 83:505–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara H, Kudo H, Murakawa T, Kudo A, Takahashi S, Matsuki A. 1997. Uneventful total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine for schizophrenic surgical patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 14:47–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara H, Satoh Y, Kudo H, Yasuda T, Koh H, Matsuki A. 1999. No psychological emergence reactions in schizophrenic surgical patients immediately after propofol, fentanyl, and ketamine intravenous anesthesia. J Anesth 13:17–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kantrowitz JT, Javitt DC. 2010. Thinking glutamatergically: changing concepts of schizophrenia based upon changing neurochemical models. Clin Schizophr Rel Psychoses 4:189–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. 1987. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13:261–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranaster L, Kammerer-Ciernioch J, Hoyer C, Sartorius A. 2011. Clinically favourable effects of ketamine as an anaesthetic for electroconvulsive therapy: a retrospective study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 261:575 82.
   Google Scholar
• Krystal AD, Weiner RD, Coffey CE. 1995. The ictal EEG as a marker of adequate stimulus intensity with unilateral ECT. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 7:295–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahti AC, Warfel D, Michaelidis T, Weiler MA, Frey K, Tamminga CA. 2001a. Long-term outcome of patients who receive ketamine during research. Biol Psychiatry 49:869–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahti AC, Weiler MA, Tamara Michaelidis BA, Parwani A, Tamminga CA. 2001b. Effects of ketamine in normal and schizophrenic volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 25: 455–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Lee B, Liu RJ, Banasr M, Dwyer JM, Iwata M, et al. 2010. mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Science 329: 959–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo C, Simpson B, MacPherson R. 2010. Augmentation strategies in electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 26:202–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo CK, Kaill A, Paton P, Simpson B. 2009. The difficult-to-treat electroconvulsive therapy patient – Strategies for augmenting outcomes. J Affect Disord 124:219–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luby ED, Cohen BD, Rosenbaum G, Gottlieb JS, Kelley R. 1959. Study of a new schizophrenomimetic drug; sernyl. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 81:363–369.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr, Du J, Schloesser RJ, McCammon J, Chen G, Manji HK. 2008. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine: role of alpha-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. Biol Psychiatry 63:349–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra AK, Pinals DA, Adler CM, Elman I, Clifton A, Pickar D, Breier A. 1997. Ketamine-induced exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in neuroleptic-free schizo phrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology 17:141–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinuevo JL. 2011. [Memantine: the value of combined therapy]. Rev Neurol 52:95–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2003. Guidance on the use of electroconvulsive therapy. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).
   Google Scholar
• Nobler MS, Luber B, Moeller JR, Katzman GP, Prudic J, Devanand DP, et al. 2000. Quantitative EEG during seizures induced by electroconvulsive therapy: relations to treatment modality and clinical features. I. Global analyses. J ECT 16:211–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northoff G, Eckert J, Fritze J. 1997. Glutamatergic dysfunction in catatonia? Successful treatment of three acute akinetic catatonic patients with the NMDA antagonist amantadine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62:404–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northoff G, Lins H, Boker H, Danos P, Bogerts B. 1999. Therapeutic efficacy of N-methyl D-aspartate antagonist amantadine in febrile catatonia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19:484–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera TD, Luber B, Nobler MS, Prudic J, Anderson C, Sackeim HA. 2004. Seizure expression during electroconvulsive therapy: relationships with clinical outcome and cognitive side effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:813–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reames E, Rosenblatt R. 1979. Ketamine anesthesia of a catatonic schizophrenic patient. Anesthesiology 51:577–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich DL, Silvay G. 1989. Ketamine: an update on the first twenty-five years of clinical experience. Can J Anaesth 36: 186–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riordan KC, Hoffman Snyder CR, Wellik KE, Caselli RJ, Wingerchuk DM, Demaerschalk BM. 2011. Effectiveness of adding memantine to an Alzheimer dementia treatment regimen which already includes stable donepezil therapy: a critically appraised topic. Neurologist 17:121–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvadore G, Cornwell BR, Colon-Rosario V, Coppola R, Grillon C, Zarate CA Jr, Manji HK. 2009. Increased anterior cingulate cortical activity in response to fearful faces: a neurophysiological biomarker that predicts rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. Biol Psychiatry 65:289–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartorius A, Munoz-Canales EM, Krumm B, Krier A, Andres FJ, Bender HJ, Henn FA. 2006. ECT anesthesia: the lighter the better?. Pharmacopsychiatry 39:201–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl SM. 2008. The sigma enigma: can sigma receptors provide a novel target for disorders of mood and cognition?. J Clin Psychiatry 69:1673–1674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz C. 2009. Electroconvulsive and neuromodulation therapies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Timm C, Linstedt U, Weiss T, Zenz M, Maier C. 2008. [Sympathomimetic effects of low-dose S(+)-ketamine. Effect of propofol dosage]. Anaesthesist 57:338–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vutskits L, Gascon E, Tassonyi E, Kiss JZ. 2006. Effect of ketamine on dendritic arbor development and survival of immature GABAergic neurons in vitro. Toxicol Sci 91:540–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner-Schmidt JL, Duman RS. 2007. VEGF is an essential mediator of the neurogenic and behavioral actions of anti depressants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:4647–4652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby RE Jr, Tieves KS, Hoffman GM, Ghanayem NS, Amlie-Lefond CM, Schwabe MJ, et al. 2005. Survival after treatment of rabies with induction of coma. New Engl J Med 352:2508–2514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar