41
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Craving: A Problematic Concept in Smoking Research

&
Pages 381-397 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. APA, Washington, DC 1980
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed rev. APA, Washington, DC 1987
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. APA, Washington, DC 1994
  • Berridge K. C., Robinson T. E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Research Reviews 1998; 28: 309–369
  • Breslau N., Kilbey M., Andreski P. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms and psychiatric disorders: findings from an epidemiological study of young adults. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 4, 464–469
  • Collins Dictionary and Thesaurus. HarperCollins, Glasgow 1994
  • Covey L. S., Glassman A. H., Sterner F. Depression and depressive symptoms in smoking cessation. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1990; 31(4)350–354
  • Cummings K. M., Giovino G., Jaen C. R., Emrich L. J. Reports of smoking withdrawal symptoms over a 21 day period of abstinence. Addictive Behaviors 1985; 10: 373–381
  • Davies J. B. The Myth of Addiction. Harwood Academic, Reading 1992
  • Davison R., Kaplan K., Fintel D., Parker M., Anderson L., Haring O. The effect of clonidine on the cessation of cigarette smoking. Clinical Pharmacological and Therapeutics 1988; 44(3)265–7
  • Doherty K., Kinnunen T., Militello F. S., Garvey A. J. Urges to smoke during the first month of abstinence: relationship to relapse and predictors. Psychopharmacology 1995; 119: 171–178
  • Fagerstrom K.-O. Measuring degree of physical dependency to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addictive Behaviors 1978; 3: 235–241
  • Gilbert R. M., Pope M. A. Early effects of quitting smoking. Psychopharmacology 1982; 78: 121–127
  • Glassman A. H., Jackson W. K., Walsh B. T., Roose S. P., Rosenfield B. Cigarette craving, smoking withdrawal, and clonidine. Science 1984; 226: 864–866
  • Glassman A. H., Steiner F., Walsh B. T., Raizman P. S., Fleiss J. L., Cooper T. B., Covey L. S. Heavy smokers, smoking cessation, and clonidine. Journal of the American Medical Association 1988; 259: 2863–2866
  • Gossop M., Powell J., Grey S., Hajek P. What do opiate addicts and cigarette smokers mean by “craving”? A pilot study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1990; 26: 85–87
  • Gritz E. R., Carr C. R., Marcus A. C. The tobacco withdrawal syndrome in unaided quitters. British Journal of Addiction 1991; 86: 57–69
  • Guilford J. S. Factors related to successful abstinence from smoking. American Institutes for Research, Pittsburgh 1966
  • Hurt R. D., Sachs D. P.L., Glover E. D., Offord K. P., Johnston J. A., Dale L. C., Khayrallah M. A., Schroeder D. R., Glover P. N., Sullivan C. R., Croghan, Sullivan P. M. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 1195–1202
  • Hughes J. R. Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1992; 60: 689–697
  • Hughes J. R. Nicotine Withdrawal, dependence, and abuse. DSM-TV Sourcebook, T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, M. B. First, R. Ross, W. Davis. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1994; Vol. 1
  • Hughes J. R., Gust S. W., Skoog K., Keenan R. M., Fenwick J. W. Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal: a replication and extension. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991; 48: 52–59
  • Hughes J. R., Hatsukami D. K., Pickens R. W., Krahn D., Malin S., Luknic A. Effect of nicotine on the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. Psychopharmacology 1984; 83: 82–87
  • Hughes J. R., Hatsukami D. Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 289–294
  • Hughes J. R., Higgens S. T., Hatsukami D. Effects of abstinence from tobacco. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, L. T. Kozlowksi, et al. Plenum Press, New York 1990; Vol. 10: 317–398
  • Hurt R. D., Sachs D. P. L., Glover E. D., Offord K. P., Johnston J. A., Dale L. C., Khayrallah M. A., Schroeder D. R., Glover P. N., Sullivan C. R., Croghan I. T., Sullivan P. M. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 1195–1202
  • Ikard H E, Green D. E., Horn D. A scale to differentiate between types of smoking as related to the management of affect. International Journal of Addictions 1969; 4: 649–659
  • Killen J. D., Fortmann S. P., Newman B., Varady A. Prospective study of factors influencing the development of craving associated with smoking cessation. Psychopharmacology 1991; 105: 191–196
  • Kozlowksi L. T., Mann R. E., Wilkinson D. A., Poulos C. X. “Cravings” are ambiguous: ask about urges or desires. Addictive Behaviors 1989; 14: 443–445
  • Kozlowski L. T., Wilkinson D. A. Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco, and drug researchers. British Journal of Addiction 1987a; 82: 31–36
  • Kozlowski L. T., Wilkinson D. A. Comments on Kozlowski & Wilkinson's “Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco, and drug researchers”: a reply from the authors. British Journal of Addiction 1987b; 82: 489–492
  • Kozlowski L. T., Pillitteri J. L., Sweeney C. T., Whitfield K. E., Graham J. W. Asking questions about urges or cravings for cigarettes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 1996; 10(4)248–260
  • Marlatt G. A., Gordon J. R. Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviours. Guilford Press, New York 1985
  • Niaura R., Goldstein M. G., Ward K. D., Abrams D. B. Reasons for smoking and severity of residual nicotine withdrawal symptoms when using nicotine chewing gum. British Journal of Addiction 1989; 84: 681–687
  • Oxford University. The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, 9th ed
  • Peterson D. J., Lonergan L. H., Hardinge M. G., Teel C. W. Results of a stop-smoking program. Archives of Environmental Health 1968; 16: 211–214
  • Rose J. E., Westman E. C., Behm F. M., Johnson M. P., Goldberg J. S. Blockade of Smoking Satisfaction Using the Peripheral Nicotinic Antagonist Trimethaphan. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1999; 62: 165–172
  • Russell M. A. H., Peto J., Patel U. A. The classification of smokers by factorial structure of motives. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series (A) 1974; 137: 313–346
  • Schuckit M. A. Substance-related disorders. DSM-IV Sourcebook, T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, M. B. First, R. Ross, W. Davis. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1994; Vol. 1
  • Shiftman S. M. The tobacco withdrawal syndrome. NIDA Research Monograph 1979; 23: 158–184
  • Shiftman S. Tobacco “chippers” - individual differences in tobacco dependence. Psychopharmacology 1989; 97: 539–547
  • Shiffman S. M., Jarvik M. E. Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence. Psychopharmacology 1976; 30: 35–39
  • Surawy C., Stepney R., Cox T. Does watching others smoke increase smoking?. British Journal of Addiction 1985; 80: 207–210
  • Tiffany S. T. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review 1990; 97: 147–168
  • Tiffany S. T. A critique of contemporary urge and craving research: Methodological, psychometric and theoretical issues. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy 1992; 14: 123–139
  • Tiffany S. T., Drobes D. J. Imagery and smoking urges: the manipulation of affective content. Addictive Behaviors 1990; 15: 531–539
  • Tiffany S. T., Drobes D. J. The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. British Journal of Addiction 1991; 86: 1467–1476
  • Wei H., Young D. Effect of clonidine on cigarette cessation and in the alleviation of withdrawal symptoms. British Journal of Addiction 1988; 83: 1221–1226
  • Weingarten H. P., Elston D. The phenomenology of food cravings. Appetite 1990; 231–246
  • West R. Comments on Kozlowski & Wilkinson's “Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco, and drug researchers”. British Journal of Addiction 1987; 82: 37–46
  • West R. J., Hajek P., Belcher M. Which smokers report most relief from craving when using nicotine chewing gum?. Psychopharmacology 1986; 89: 189–191
  • West R., Hajek P., Burrows S. Effect of glucose tablets on craving for cigarettes. Psychopharmacology 1990; 101: 555–559
  • West R. J., Jarvis M. J., Russell M. A. H., Cairuthers M. E., Feyerbrand C. Effect of nicotine replacement on the cigarette withdrawal syndrome. British Journal of Addiction 1984; 79: 215–219
  • West R. J., Russell M. A. H. Pre-abstinence smoke intake and smoking motivation as predictors of severity of cigarette withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology 1985; 87: 334–336
  • West R., Schneider N. Craving for cigarettes. British Journal of Addiction 1987; 82: 407–415
  • West R., Willis N. Double-blind placebo controlled trial of dextrose tablets and nicotine patch in smoking cessation. Psychopharmacology 1998; 136: 201–204
  • Wise R. A. The neurobiology of craving: implications for the understanding and treatment of addiction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1988; 97: 118–132

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.